PSYSCHOLOGY PSY101
Running Head: SELF CONCEPT IN INDIVIDUALISTIC-COLLECTIVISM
CULTURES
Introduction to Cultural Psychology
PSY 101
Tan Jia Min
33572008
Maheswari Shankar
Monday 4:15pm-6:15pm
Self-Concept in Individualistic versus Collectivist cultures
Word Count: 750
https://www.coursehero.com/file/48314031/PSY101-Lab-Report-Plan-Tan-Jia-Min-35572008-2pdf/
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SELF CONCEPT IN INDIVIDUALISTIC-COLLECTIVISM CULTURES
i. A statement of the topic that you are researching
The Individualistic versus Collectivism framework, one of the factors of the five-
dimensional measure of cultural values introduced by Geert Hofstede (1980 and
2001), has been effectively used in many cross-cultural researches to explain the
cultural differences, particularly in Western and non-Western cultures. On a side
note, most research on human behaviour in mainstream psychology involves
American university students enrolled in psychology courses and hence, most of the
revised studies are derived from American students. According to Hofstede (1980),
Western cultures foster individualism, which clearly distinguish individuals from
their social milieus and see themselves as independent, self-contained, autonomous
and distinct units (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). On the other hand, collectivists
place more emphasis on harmonious interpersonal relationships and will less likely
pursue own goals that might jeopardize their relationships (Bond, 1986).
Self-concept is defined as the cognitive representation of one’s idea about one’s
self. In recent years, cross-cultural researches discover the differences in self-
concepts in different cultures, which led to the theory of independent and
interdependent self-construals (Markus & Kitayama, 1991b). Markus and Kitayama
(1991b) suggested that individualistic and collectivistic cultures foster different
self-concepts, whereby individualism focuses on developing independent self-
construals, and collectivism focuses on developing interdependent self-construals.
The theory proposed that the two fundamentally self-construals coexist
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SELF CONCEPT IN INDIVIDUALISTIC-COLLECTIVISM CULTURES
simultaneously within individuals (Sampson, 1988). As such, Triandis (1989, 1990)
came up with three aspects of selves – the private, public and collective self. This
pan cultural model of the self states that regardless of cultural backgrounds, these
selves coexist in everyone and vary depending on the specific context present.
ii. The titles of 5 peer reviewed journal articles and a short statement of how
each article is relevant to the topic
Kanagawa, C., Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R., (2001). “Who am I?” The cultural
psychology of the conceptual self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
27(1), 90-103. https://doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167201271008
Using the Twenty Statement Test (TST), this article explains that U.S. students
deem to foster individualistic culture, provided more pure, personal psychological
attributes and positive terms to describe themselves, whereas Japanese students
with collectivistic culture, used more behavioural, contextualized and negative
expressions to describe themselves.
Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self concept. A test of
Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism distinction. Journal of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, 25(2), 273-283. https://doi/pdf/10.1177/0022022194252007
https://www.coursehero.com/file/48314031/PSY101-Lab-Report-Plan-Tan-Jia-Min-35572008-2pdf/
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SELF CONCEPT IN INDIVIDUALISTIC-COLLECTIVISM CULTURES
This article explains the expected findings provided by participants from Malaysia
(a collectivist state), Australia and Great Britain (individualist states). Using the
TST method, the results were grouped based on idiocentric, group or allocentric
self-references, and it effectively showed that participants of collectivism are more
group-centred in their self-descriptions as compared to participants of
individualism.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for
cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Retrieved from https://search-proquest-
com.libproxy.murdoch.edu.au/docview/614317817?accountid=12629
This article discusses the self construals that exist in Western European cultures and
Asian cultures, where they possess independent and interdependent views
respectively, and the influence the views of self have on cognition, emotion and
motivation.
Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). Individualism-collectivism. A study of cross-
cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17(2), 225-248.
https://doi.org:doi/pdf/10.1177/0022002186017002006
https://www.coursehero.com/file/48314031/PSY101-Lab-Report-Plan-Tan-Jia-Min-35572008-2pdf/
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SELF CONCEPT IN INDIVIDUALISTIC-COLLECTIVISM CULTURES
This article explains the traits and characteristics of the individualism and
collectivism constructs and examines the theory of collectivism understood by
participants from 5 different countries/cultures.
Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self concept: A social psychological
perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299-337.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503
This article provides a deep understanding on the nature of self-concept and views
self-concept as a dynamic interpretive structure. Hence, this article offers a better
understanding to our topic discussed.
iii. A statement of the aims of your study
The present study aimed to determine the impact of individualistic versus collectivistic
framework on self-concept, which is determined by the three components grouped based on
the responses. According to Triandis (1989, 1990), idiocentric cognitions are associated
with private-self structures and display individualistic characteristics. Group cognitions are
associated with collective-self structures and display the person’s group membership.
Allocentric cognitions are associated with public-self structures, which demonstrate
collectivism on the individual level.
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SELF CONCEPT IN INDIVIDUALISTIC-COLLECTIVISM CULTURES
iv. Clearly stated hypotheses
It was hypothesised that Individualism Index Rating would positively correlate with the
idiocentric statement scores. It was also hypothesised that Individualism Index Rating
would negatively correlate with the group statement scores. Lastly, it was hypothesised that
Individualism Index Rating would negatively correlate with the allocentric statement
scores.
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References
Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self concept. A test of Hofstede’s
individualism/collectivism distinction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25(2),
273-283. https://doi/pdf/10.1177/0022022194252007
Earley, P. C. (2010). Cultural, psychology, management, and Harry Triandis. The
Past, Present and Future of International Business & Management [Advances in
International Management Online version]. Retrieved from https://www-
emeraldinsight-com.libproxy.murdoch.edu.au/doi/full/10.1108/S1571-
5027%282010%290000023007#bib9
Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). Individualism-collectivism. A study of cross-
cultural researchers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17(2), 225-248.
https://doi.org:doi/pdf/10.1177/0022002186017002006
Kanagawa, C., Cross, S. E., Markus, H. R., (2001). “Who am I?” The cultural
psychology of the conceptual self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27,
90-103. https://doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167201271008
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for
cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. Retrieved
from https://search-proquest-
com.libproxy.murdoch.edu.au/docview/614317817?accountid=12629
https://www.coursehero.com/file/48314031/PSY101-Lab-Report-Plan-Tan-Jia-Min-35572008-2pdf/
Th is
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re so
ur ce
w as
sh are
d v ia
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Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self concept: A social psychological
perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299-337.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503
Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede’s five dimensions
of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of cvscale.
Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3/4), 193-210. http://www-
tandfonline-com.libproxy.murdoch.edu.au/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/48314031/PSY101-Lab-Report-Plan-Tan-Jia-Min-35572008-2pdf/
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