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CHAPTER 2

Managing Risk: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Exploits

Learning Objective(s) and Key Concepts

Describe techniques for identifying, analyzing, and mitigating relevant threats, vulnerabilities, and exploits.

Understanding and managing threats, vulnerabilities, and exploits

Use of threat/vulnerability pairs in managing risk

U.S. federal government risk management initiatives

Learning Objective(s)

Key Concepts

Understanding and Protecting Assets

An asset represents anything of value that needs to be protected

In the IT world, assets include data, people, processes, and technology systems

Weaknesses in any of these areas can be exploited by threats to harm these assets

Understanding and Managing Threats

Risk =

Threat × Vulnerability × Asset

Uncontrollable Nature of Threats

Threats cannot be eliminated

Threats are always present

Threats can persist for a long period of time

Action can be taken to reduce the potential for a threat to occur

Action can be taken to reduce the impact of a threat

Unintentional Threats

Environmental

Human

Accidents

Failures

Intentional Threats

Greed

Anger

Desire to damage

Intentional and Unintentional Threats

Unintentional Threats	Intentional Threats
Environmental: Fire, wind Lightning, flooding Accident Equipment failures	Individuals or organizations: Criminals Advanced persistent threats (APTs) Vandals Saboteurs Disgruntled employees Activists Other nations
Human: Keystroke errors Procedural errors Programming bugs

Best Practices for Managing Risk Within an IT Infrastructure

Create a security policy

Purchase insurance

Use access controls

Use automation

Include input validation

Provide training

Use antivirus software

EY Global Information Security Survey 2018–2019

Cyberrisks are evolving

Organizations must:

Protect the enterprise

Optimize security

Increase efficiency

Reinvest in tech that enhances protection

6.4 billion fake emails sent; average cost of breach $3.62 million

40% had same budget as previous year, 15% plan to increase budget, 1% had 25% budget decrease

Largest source of vulnerabilities is careless or unaware employees

Cybersecurity needs to be in the DNA of the organization

Understanding and Managing Vulnerabilities

Countermeasures reduce risk and loss

Reduce vulnerabilities

Reduce impact of loss

Threat/Vulnerability Pairs

Occurs when a threat exploits a vulnerability

A vulnerability provides a path for the threat that results in a harmful event or a loss

Both the threat and the vulnerability must come together to result in a loss

Vulnerabilities Can Be Mitigated

Identify and prioritize vulnerabilities

Reduce the exposure of the vulnerabilities

Reduce the rate of occurrence

Reduce the impact of the loss

Provide security education, training, and awareness

Mitigation Techniques

Policies and procedures

Documentation

Training

Separation of duties

Configuration management

Version control

Patch management

Intrusion detection system (IDS)

Incident response

Continuous monitoring

Technical controls

Physical controls

Best Practices for Managing Vulnerabilities Within an IT Infrastructure

Identify vulnerabilities

Match the threat/vulnerability pairs

Use as many of the mitigation techniques as feasible

Perform vulnerability assessments

Use security analytical tools

Understanding and Managing Exploits

An exploit is the act of taking advantage of a vulnerability

Executes a command or program against an IT system to take advantage of a weakness

Results in a compromise to the system, an application, or data

Understanding and Managing Exploits

Attacks executed by code primarily affect public-facing servers

Web servers

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) email servers

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers

Exploits

Attack public-facing servers

Buffer overflow

SQL injection

Denial of service (DoS) attack

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack

How Do Perpetrators Initiate an Exploit?

Public server discovery

Server fingerprinting

Vulnerability discovery

Programmers

Attackers

Where Do Perpetrators Find Information About Vulnerabilities and Exploits?

Blogs

Forums

Security newsletters

2600: The Hacker Quarterly

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) list

Reverse engineering

The dark web

Mitigation Techniques

Remove or change defaults

Reduce the attack surface

Keep systems up to date

Enable firewalls

Enable IDS

Enable an intrusion prevention system

Install antivirus software

Best Practices for Managing Exploits Within an IT Infrastructure

Harden servers

Use configuration management

Perform risk assessments

Perform vulnerability assessments

Use security information and event management (SIEM) tools

U.S. Federal Government Risk Management Initiatives

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

The Department of Homeland Security

The National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC)

U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT)

The MITRE Corporation – Common Vulnerabilities Exposure (CVE) List

Relationships Among Organizations Involved in the U.S. Federal Government Risk Management Initiatives

Summary

Understanding and managing threats, vulnerabilities, and exploits

Use of threat/vulnerability pairs in managing risk

U.S. federal government risk management initiatives

10/8/2020