lab 2 report

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HS2000 Health Sciences Research Report #1 Health Behaviors in HS2000 Students

100 points 10 points for survey +90 points for report

Assignment formatting guidelines: • Your report should contain the following sections numbered and titled as shown below. • In addition to the points below, you will be graded on the quality of writing, which includes use

of proper grammar, spelling, and clarity of thought in writing. • Reports must be typed using Times New Roman 12 point font or 11 point Arial, Calibri, or

Cambria with 1” margins. • Reports must be uploaded to moodle by the due date as a Word document (.doc, .docx) or as a

rich text file (.rtf). Any other formats will not be graded and late penalties may apply. • APA format must be used for all in-text citations and for the formatting of the references

section. Learning Objectives In completing this assignment students will demonstrate that they can: 1. Create a testable hypothesis and interpret statistical data to identify hypothesis support. 2. Effectively find and use credible and peer-reviewed sources. 3. Explain and critique study design and variable measurement. 4. Describe sample characteristics and identify similarities with and differences between the sample and the study population. 5. Identify recommendations for health risks and health benefits of sleep behaviors and caffeine consumption. 6. Apply recommendations to the interpretation of sample characteristics. 7. Interpret p-values and r-values to explain statistical relationships between variables. 8. Develop conclusions about a research study grounded in the data collected and analyzed.

This Research Report will focus on the relationship between sleep and caffeine intake in HS2000 students. Data collected from a survey of HS2000 students in Fall 2017 was analyzed and the results posted on moodle.

Topic of Research Report #1

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In one sentence, write your hypothesis about the relationship between sleep and caffeine consumption. Be specific about what variables your hypothesis covers and how you expect the independent variable to influence or change the dependent variable. You will be assessing whether or not your hypothesis was supported by the data, so please make sure your hypothesis fits with the content of this assignment. 1. Write your hypothesis. 2. What is the independent variable? 3. What is the dependent variable?

4. Is this class survey study cross-sectional, longitudinal, or experimental? What is a strength and weakness of this type of study? 5. The class survey included two questionnaires: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire1 and Dr. Lynch’s Caffeine Consumption survey, which was made up by a Health Sciences professor for this survey. Summarize the content of these surveys and explain what they measured. Do not repeat the questions and answer choices. 6. What is one strength and one weakness of the survey methods used to explore the relationship between sleep and caffeine? 7. Identify one way that our class survey study could be made stronger. Consider either better measurements for the variables or a different study type. Explain why this is stronger.

STEP 1: HYPOTHESIS FORMATION (6 points) A hypothesis is a statement that predicts a relationship between variables. It is specific and falsifiable. A hypothesis is written in one sentence and includes both the independent and dependent variables. In this report, you will write a hypothesis that predicts how caffeine intake affects sleep (or, how sleep affects caffeine intake).

STEP 2: METHODS (18 points) The methods component of a research study are how data are collected. In our class survey study, data was collected from students taking HS2000 in the Fall of 2017. In this section you will describe and explain how the data were collected and identify strengths and weaknesses of the methods.

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8. Compare and contrast the HS2000 class characteristics (Found in Table 1 & 2) to the OU student population on the following variables. Be specific in your answers (use numbers or percent in your comparisons). You may find the following two webpages useful in answering this question.

• About OU (click on Fast Facts): https://www.oakland.edu/about/ • Office of Institutional Research and Assessment: https://www.oakland.edu/oira/about-ou-

students/ a. Age b. Male/female ratio c. Residence 9. Do you think the findings of this survey are generalizable to the OU student population as a whole? Why or why not? 10. Look at Table 3. Compared to recommendations for hours of sleep, how are HS2000 students doing on sleep? Based on this assessment, what are some long-term OR short-term health risks (or benefits) that the average HS2000 student might experience? You must us and cite credible sources. You MAY NOT use your textbook. 11. Again, look at Table 3. Although an average caffeine consumption could not be calculated, you can see ranges in students’ consumption of caffeine. Summarize the caffeine consumption habits of students in HS2000 12. Identify ONE health benefit and ONE health risk of caffeine consumption. You must cite your sources. Again, you may not use your textbook.

13. Identify and interpret the statistical relationship between the following sleep variables and caffeine consumption. Include the statistics (p-values and r-values), an interpretation of the r-value, and a statement about significance.

a. Hours of sleep and caffeine consumption

b. Sleep quality index score and caffeine consumption

STEP3: RESULTS (44 points) The results section is where researchers describe their sample, their findings, and explain statistical relationships. In this section you will also evaluate generalizability of the findings, compare reported student behaviors with recommendations, and identify health risks or benefits of the behaviors.

Now that you have described the study sample characteristics, you will examine the relationships between caffeine intake and sleep. These analyses can be found in Table 4 and in the Figures.

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14. Based on these results, what do you conclude is the relationship between caffeine intake and sleep?

15. Was your hypothesis supported? Explain WHY you think it was/was not supported. That is, thinking critically, why do you think this result occurred? If your hypothesis was supported, what is the link between variables. If it was not, what are some alternative explanations? You are graded on your assessment of support and for your explanations, NOT that your hypothesis was correct.

16. Identify which variables are significantly different between men and women and explain the differences (e.g. if there is a significant difference in caffeine use, explain whether men or women are higher and by how much). 17. Identify which variables are significantly different between students who live on-campus and those who live off-campus. Again explain the differences. 18. Choose ONE of the findings from #16 or #17 (e.g. differences between on and off-campus living) and comment on whether or not you expected this result and why.

19. Find a peer-reviewed, original research study that examines sleep variables OR caffeine consumption in college students, published in the past 10 years. Cut and paste the abstract here. Include an in-text citation at the end of the abstract. 20. Describe your search process by: naming the search database used, identifying search terms and any limiters you used, how many results the search returned.

Now, take a look at your hypothesis in Step 1. Based on the statistical analysis and interpretation in #13 and #14, you must decide if you hypothesis was supported or not and consider WHY it was or was not supported.

Different groups of students may have different sleep habits or caffeine use. Our statistical analysis also examines differences in sleep quality and caffeine use between men and women and students’ living situations. Look at Table 5 and 6, which shows the group means along with a p-value for group differences.

STEP 4: Exploring the Scientific Literature: 16 points Discussion sections of research studies look to other published, peer-reviewed studies to compare their findings to. In this section, you will search the scientific literature to find one study that is similar to the HS2000 class survey study. Then you will compare and contrast that study with the HS2000 class survey study.

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21. Describe two ways the peer-reviewed study is similar and different than our class survey study. You MUST comment on at least two of the following: sample characteristics (including size), study design, or how variables were measured. Be sure your comparisons are clearly explained. Be sure to use in-text citations when discussing the peer-reviewed research study. 22. Summarize the findings of the study you found and compare them to the results of the HS2000 class survey study. Be sure to use in-text citations when discussing the peer- reviewed research study.

References used in these instructions 1. Buysse,D.J., Rynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., Kupfer, D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instruction for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 28(2), 193- 213.

REFERENCES: 6 POINTS Last, but not least, all research papers must include references. Provide full citations for ALL sources you used in this lab, including websites visited and the reference in Step 4. Use APA citation formatting for the references (and in-text citations). You do NOT need to cite class data. Remember none of the sources may be from the book and all sources must be credible.