need help with networking project

PUT THE TITLE OF YOUR COURSE/SEMINAR HERE

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MASTER OF ENGINEERING

Major Subject: Internetworking

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Faculty of Engineering

Internetworking

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___________________________

INTERNETWORKING PROGRAM

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Title:

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The Internetworking Program may make available or authorise others to make available individual photo/microfilm or soft copies of this report without restrictions after insert date here.

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Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Set Up The Word Processor For Technical Writing 2 1.2 Acceptable Reports 4 1.3 Now For Your Report 4 1.4 Meaningful Methodology Title Goes Here 4 1.5 If This Is A Design Seminar Put A Meaningful Sub-Title 4 1.6 Put In a Section on the Results 5 1.7 Outline 5 2 PUT A MEANINGFUL TITLE HERE RELATED TO THE SPECIFICS OF THE SEMINAR 6 2.1 Top Of Hierarchy In Principles Of The Topic 6 2.2 Next Level In Hierarchy To Dig Deeper Into The Topic 7 2.2.1 More Detail On A Topic At This Level In The Problem 7 2.2.2 Put In As Many Sub-Sections As Required 7 2.2.2.1 In Fact To As Many Levels As You Wish 7 2.3 A Variation Of Relevance In The Problem 7 2.3.1 Another Point Of Interest To The Understanding Of The Problem 7 2.3.1.1 The Equations 8 2.4 Another Variation Or Points Of Interest To The Seminar 8 2.4.1 Filter Banks 8 2.4.2 Linear Prediction Coding 9 2.5 Summary 9 3 METHODOLOGY 10 3.1 Subsection Three-one 10 3.1.1 Title For Sub-Section Three-one-one 10 3.1.2 Title 10 3.2 Major Section Title 11 3.2.1 Sub-title With Heading Format 3 11 3.3 Summary 11 4 PUT A TITLE RELATED TO DESIGN OR ANALYSIS 12 4.1 The Perceptron 12 4.2 Neural Network Architectures 13 4.2.1 RBF Neural Network 13 4.2.2 RBF Training Algorithms 13 4.3 Summary 13 5 PUT A TITLE HERE RELATED TO IMPLEMENTATION 14 5.1 Introduction 14 5.2 Title 15 5.2.1 This stage 15 5.2.2 Sub Section Title 16 5.3 Summary 16 6 PUT IN A TITLE RELATED TO EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 17 6.1 Experiment One 17 6.2 Experiment Two 17 6.2.1 Evaluation Set 17 6.2.2 Recognition Set #1 18 6.2.3 Recognition Set #2 18 6.2.4 Boundaries Detection 18 6.3 Results Of Recognition Set #1 18 6.4 Summary 19 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20 7.1 Conclusions 20 7.2 Recommendations 20 REFERENCES 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

Table 5.1 Mel-scale Frequency Bands and the Corresponding FFT Coefficients 14 Table 5.2 Phonetic Decomposition of Digits [Rab1993, Table 2.3] 15 Table 6.1 List of Speakers 16 Table 6.2 Average Recognition Rates in Manual and Automatic Systems 18

Figure 2.1 A Speech Model [Rab1993] 5 Figure 2.2 Frames and Windows 7 Figure 2.3 A Typical Filter Bank 7 Figure 2.4 FFT and LPC Spectra 8 Figure 4.1 a) A perceptron, b) A multi-layer neural network 11 Figure 4.2 A Radial Basis Function Neural Network 12 Figure 5.1 A Block Diagram of the Proposed System 13 Figure 5.2 Endpoints of the Digit “five”. 14 Figure 6.1 Examples of Extra Subwords 17

ABD Automatic Boundaries Detection

ANN artificial neural network

CD-PLU context-dependent phone-like units

CD-ROM compact disc

CI-PLU context-independent phone-like units

DTW Dynamic Time Warping

FFT Fast Fourier Transform

HMM Hidden Markov Model

Hz hertz

LMS Least Mean Squares algorithm

LPC Linear Prediction Coding

OLS Orthogonal Least Squares algorithm

PLP perceptual-based linear prediction

PLU phone-like units

RBF Radial Basis Function

SVF Spectral Variation Function

TIDIGITS Texas Instruments digits database

VQ Vector Quantization

ZC zero-crossing

I would like to express my

The executive summary provides the rationale for the project/course/seminar together with the seminar's objectives and outcomes.

It also provides a brief overview of the methodology used to meet the objectives.

Finally, it must present a brief report on the outcomes in terms of the objectives.

The executive summary should be one page long and, like the references/bibliography, is to be single-spaced.

The first page of chapter one is page 1, however it has no page number printed on it. All of the following pages must have the page number in the Header, top right. Use the View - Header and Footer to ensure the correct format and numbering.

Paragraph text is left justified with line spacing 1.5 and 12 point spacing before the first line i.e. p-text formatted which you see now in the top left of the screen. By using p-text formatting you will get the correct paragraph spacing and correct spacing between major section titles formatted as Heading 2. The spacing is to be one p-text formatted line feed.

The following is a typical organisation of a report and should be adjusted according to the topic and the number of chapters. You should be using main.dot as the template file.

The sections are then 1.1, 1.2 and so on and cover the following:

· Reasons for the project and an explanation of why the seminar is important

· the specifications and objectives of the seminar

The last section must be an outline of the rest of the report on a chapter by chapter basis.

Put in reference citations [Alg1993] in the correct format in the body. Insert them alphabetically in the REFERENCES according to whether it is a text book [Rab1993], a journal article [Pic1993], or a Web Site reference (with date of last access) [Cis2000]. Examples may be seen in the REFERENCES section.

[Note the headings (except Heading 1) should all be done in "Title case" under "Format - Change Case".

Titles may only use abbreviations if the abbreviation has been assigned earlier in the

On average the report should have a Flesch reading ease value of a least 65%. The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level of the report should be at least grade 8. Note that these two numbers tend to move in opposite directions. Therefore, a technical passive writing style can result in a reading ease value below 60% for grade levels of 7 or higher. For purely technical portions of the report, the grade level will probably be high and the reading ease value low. Check this paragraph with the Microsoft tools to see if you have set up your word processor for Canadian English. Also, check the Flesch ratings to ensure if you have enabled the ratings.

To check highlight the previous paragraph, use Tools, Spelling and Grammar, and say no when asked whether or no to continue checking the rest of the document.

Here are eample of an unacceptable sentences. Word will identify errors automaticaly as you type by the use of wavy red or green underlines. And there is no checking that you have put the 2 required spaces between sentences. The previous sentence actually has an error as you are not permitted to begin sentences with the words "And, But, Hopefully".

Your first section of Chapter 1 should explain the background to the problem. In this section the specifics of the current seminar can be outlined. These specifics can comprise some combination of the following depending on the actual seminar:

· the detailed specifications to be met

· the current network under analysis

Again, references must be used in the correct format as in the reference to [Tos1996].

If there are a number of major sections of work then use sub-sections to describe them.

A brief description is required of how the work was done to collect the appropriate information (or whatever) to meet the objectives.

If this is a design seminar then any important considerations that affect the design should be briefly discussed in a sub-section of Chapter 1. The points made here will come up again in a later chapter devoted to a more detailed analysis and comparison of designs.

[Note: The final section of Chapter 1 must be the report outline]

The material in this report is organised into # chapters and # appendices. The chapters deal with the following topics:

Chapter 2.....

Chapter 3.....

Chapter 4.....

Chapter 5.....

Chapter 6.....

Chapter 7 discusses the results of all experiments and draws conclusions. The chapter also provides some recommendations and suggestions for any future work.

Appendix A.....

Before the first heading x.1, each chapter from here on must start with a brief (one or two paragraph) statement of what is in the chapter.

A discussion of the underlying principles is required. It is important to use references in the correct format as shown here [Mar1995][Rab1993][Rab1978].

Use bulleted lists where appropriate:

· Fricative (unvoiced) sounds: are produced by forming a constriction somewhere in the vocal tract and forcing air through the constriction so that turbulence is created resulting a noise-like excitation.

· Use automatic figure numbering and always refer to your figures in the text body. See Figure 2.1.

Regardless of the seminar the report must lay a solid foundation and introduce the reader to the problem's background in ever increasing levels of detail.

Use sub-sections to present the problem details as necessary. Sub-section titles are to be indented by increasing amounts as the depth increases.

The structure of the report must lead the reader through the detail in a hierarchical manner.

This should be deep enough for most people

It is important to reveal all the details of the problem to the reader. This chapter is used to make the reader aware of all the nuances of the problem so that any subsequent trade-offs or measurements are justifiable in the context of the problem description and objectives.

Remember to embed figures and to refer to them in the text as shown in Figure 2.2. Give references as required [Pic1993].

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

The output spectrum of...

Another popular analysis method of speech is the filter bank model [Pic1993][Rab1993]. A typical filter bank structure is illustrated in Figure 2.3.

The linear prediction coding (LPC) performs spectral analysis on frames of speech. Figure 2.4 shows FFT and LPC spectra of a speech signal.

Each chapter must conclude with a summary to recap the major points of the chapter. Also, make sure that the pages run correctly numbered with no blank pages as the use of the main document sometimes causes an extra page to be inserted.

Place a brief statement of what this chapter covers and how it follows from the preceding chapter here. Remember to use references as appropriate in this format [Gup1991][Sve1989]. Remember that a paragraph consists of a number of sentences.

Remember that when you refer to a chapter with its number you use a capital as in Chapter 3.

Paragraphs are to be separated by 12 points so use p-text for paragraphs. Use of personal pronouns is not permitted – use an impersonal writing style throughout the report. Use left paragraph justification throughout the report.

One p-text formatted empty line must be inserted before major section headings.

Remember to structure your report into Sections and sub-sections. The topic of the section has to be logically divided into distinct sub topics so that you can do the structure correctly and meaningfully.

Sub-sections need not be very long, however they should consist of a number of paragraphs rather than a single paragraph (otherwise sub-sections are the incorrect way to present your information.

Use as many sub-titles as are necessary.

A few relevant paragraphs related to the topic of the title should be used.

Remember to use as many sub-titles as is necessary.

A summary starts here.

The report requires design and analysis of the specific problem and this must be presented. All trade-offs must be discussed as well as performance issues. The underlying technical principles can be laid out in the major sections.

The function of the perceptron can be formulated as:

(4.1)

or equivalently

(4.2)

Neural networks used today can be classified in

to many over-lapped classes according to [Hus1993][Lip1987]:

A Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network is a two-layer network as shown in Figure 4.2. The output of this network is a linear combination of the basis functions computed by the hidden layer nodes.

The RBF neural network can be used for … [Hus93][Tou1974].

Start here with the summary

This chapter discusses different aspects of the implementation. The first paragraph is a general introduction to the chapter and has no section number.

This chapter describes the implementation details the single-digit recognition system illustrated in Figure 5.1. The recognition system consists of the following main components:

To extract energy parameters of a Mel-frequency scale filter bank, computing a 512-point Fast Fourier transform (FFT) of each analysis frame simulates the filters.

(5.7)

The indices kL(p) and kH(p) correspond to lower and upper FFT coefficients of the band p as listed in Table 5.1.

Note the use of tables as well as figures is important to get information across to the reader. Table 5.2 shows…

The previous sections of this chapter include …

This chapter describes the experiments

Start here…

Start here

Start here. Do not allow tables or figures to be split across pages.

The …

The …

The …

The results of this set of experiments are listed in Table 6.8.

This chapter has an…

There are at least two sections here that are absolutely required. The preamble sentence is not required.

The results of experiments performed and the conclusions made for the work done in this seminar.

[These are absolutely required – there must be archived papers referenced – these must be referred to in the text. url references must have the date of your last access.]

[Alg1993] V.R. Algazi, K.L. Brown, M.J. Ready, D.H. Irvine, C.L. Cadwell, S. Chung, “Transform Representation of the Spectra of Acoustic Speech Segments with Applications-I: General Approach and Application to Speech Recognition”, IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing 1(2):180-195, April 1993.

[Che1991] S. Chen, C.F.N. Cowan, P.M. Grant, “Orthogonal Least Squares Learning Algorithm for Radial Basis Function Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 2(2):302-309, March 1991.

[Cis2000] Cisco Online, “Understanding Frame Relay Subinterfaces”, http//www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/smbiz/service/knowledge/wan/subifs.htm, Feb. 27, 2000.

[Gup1991] V.N. Gupta, M. Lennig, P. Mermelstein, P. Kenny, F. Seitz, D. O’Shaughnessy, “Using Phoneme Duration and Energy Contour Information to Improve Large Vocabulary Isolated-Word Recognition”, Proceedings ICASSP’91, 341-344, 1991.

[Hus1993] D.R. Hush, B.G. Horne, “Progress in Supervised Neural Networks: What’s New Since Lippmann?”, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 10(1):8-39, January 1993.

[Lip1987] R.P. Lippmann, “An Introduction to Computing with Neural Nets”, IEEE ASSP Magazine, 4(2):4-22, April 1987.

[Mar1995] S.M. Marcus, A.K. Syrdal, “Speech: Articulatory, Linguistic, Acoustic, and Perceptual Descriptions”, in Applied Speech Technology, ed. A. Syrdal, R. Bennett, S. Greenspan, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995.

[Pic1993] J.W. Picone, “Signal Modeling Techniques in Speech Recognition”, Proceedings of the IEEE, 81(9):1215-1247, September 1993.

[Rab1993] L.R. Rabiner, B.H. Juang, Fundamentals of Speech Recognition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993.

[Rab1978] L.R. Rabiner, R.W. Schafer, Digital Processing of Speech Signals, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978.

[Sve1989] T. Svendsen, K.K. Paliwal, E. Harborg, P.O. Husoy, “An Improved Sub-Word Based Speech Recognizer”, Proceedings ICASSP’89, 108-111, May 1989.

[Tos1996] C. Tosuner, Single Spoken Digit Recognition Using RBF Networks, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Technical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1996.

[Tou1974] J.T. Tou, R.C. Gonzales, Pattern Recognition Principles, Addison-Wesley, MA, 1974.

[Use the same format as in the REFERENCES section, however the entries in the BIBLIOGRAPHY are not referenced in the body of the text. So think of these as additional reading titles - something you read for background and which a reader of the report might find interesting.]