7P13SR- ONE- SHEET3
Referencing, Paraphrasing & Plagiarism
Dr. Stephen Hills
Referencing
Referencing Defined
Referencing is the process of acknowledging sources, such as books, journals, magazines, newspapers and websites.
Referencing sources demonstrates research undertaken and reinforces arguments.
Using a wide range of sources is strong academic practice.
Not required for common knowledge.
London Metropolitan University. (2023). Referencing. Retrieved from https://student.londonmet.ac.uk/library/subject-guides-and-research-support/referencing-and-copyright/referencing/
In-text Citations (APA)
According to Deacon (2013), the traditional medical model has been criticized for treating mental health issues in the same way as physical ailments using medication. Moreover, this model emphasizes a siloed approach to treatment that fails to identify and treat the physical and social problems associated with mental illness (Deacon & McKay, 2015). Accordingly, there is a growing push to treat mental health holistically with social and emotional wellbeing and physical health (Naylor, et al., 2016; Ohara-Hirano, et al., 2004; Pasquali, et al., 1989) and in a way that removes the stigma associated with accessing mainstream mental health treatments (Brodie, et al., 2011). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of an intentionally designed intervention that aims to holistically treat mental health, social and emotional wellbeing, and physical health using the sport/activity of boxing.
End-of-text Citations (APA)
Brodie, I., Goldman, R., & Clapton, J. (2011). Mental health service transitions for young people. London: Social Care Institute for Excellence.
Deacon, B. J. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical psychology review, 33(7), 846-861.
Deacon, B. J., & McKay, D. (2015). The biomedical model of psychological problems: A call for critical dialogue. Lancet, 16, 2-3.
Naylor, C., Das, P., Ross, S., Honeyman, M., Thompson, J, & Gilburt, H. (2016). Bringing together physical and mental health: A new frontier for integrated care. Kings Fund. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/physical-and-mental-health
Ohara-Hirano, Y., Kaku, T., Hirakawa, T., Noguchi, Y., Hirata, N., Shinkoda, H., ... & Ohki, M. (2004). Uterine cervical cancer: a holistic approach to mental health and it's socio-psychological implications. Fukuoka igaku zasshi= Hukuoka acta medica, 95(8), 183-194.
Pasquali, E. A., Arnold, H. M., & DeBasio, N. (1989). Mental health nursing: A holistic approach. CV Mosby.
Frequently seen referencing errors
Web links as in-text citations and end-of-text references.
In-text citations without an end-of-text references.
End-of-text references without in-text citations.
Mix and match citation and reference styles.
In-text citation for a word, e.g. Global warming (Smith, 2016) is….
No citation for a statement of fact, which is not common knowledge.
Hanging in-text citations within brackets, e.g. An in-text citation without an end-of-text references is a common referencing error. (Hills, 2023)
Paraphrasing
Quotations vs. Paraphrasing
Quotation: Using someone else’s words
Hills (2023) told the students “If you use someone else’s words on a word-for-word basis, you need to use quotation marks and an in-text citation” (p. 1).
Paraphrasing: Explaining someone else’s idea in your own words
Hills (2023) explained the requirement of using quotation marks and a citation when directly quoting someone else.
Group Exercise: Unacceptable vs. Acceptable Paraphrasing
In groups, read the acceptable and unacceptable examples of paraphrasing.
What makes the examples unacceptable or acceptable?
Plagiarism
Plagiarism Defined
“Plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or original (but not common knowledge) material without acknowledging its source” (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003, p. 1).
Typical Examples Include:
Using another's work from print, web, or other sources without acknowledging the source;
quoting from a source without citation;
using facts, figures, graphs, charts or information without acknowledgement of the source.
Common Craft. (2010). Plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.commoncraft.com/video/plagiarism
Plagiarism Spectrum
Which of these types are most frequent?
Which of these types are most problematic?
Turnitin. (2012). Plagiarism spectrum: Tagging 10 types of unoriginal work. Retrieved from http://turnitin.com/assets/en_us/media/plagiarism_spectrum.php
Plagiarism Spectrum
Clone, CTRL-C and Mashup are most frequent and problematic, but in a different order (Turnitin, 2012).
Turnitin. (2012). Plagiarism spectrum: Tagging 10 types of unoriginal work. Retrieved from http://turnitin.com/assets/en_us/media/plagiarism_spectrum.php
Implications of Plagiarism
The goal of higher education is to expand our current knowledge of a particular discipline through “understanding, augmenting, engaging in dialogue with, and challenging the work of others” (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003, p. 4).
However, plagiarising or using ideas that are not your works against this goal and harms the individual through evasion of independent thinking and intellectual conversations (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003).
Strategies to Counter Plagiarism
Students to be taught planning skills so to be less tempted to plagiarise under pressure
Student voice to be empowered
Students to understand importance of evidencing their arguments
Students to be taught how to locate evidence
Students to be taught how to reference their evidence
Students to be taught how to use and read outputs from plagiarism software to improve their writing
Universities to hold students accountable for plagiarism
Universities to have efficient systems for reporting and dealing with plagiarism
References
References
Common Craft. (2010). Plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.commoncraft.com/video/plagiarism
Council of Writing Program Administrators. (2003). Defining and avoiding plagiarism: The WPA statement on best practices. Retrieved from http://wpacouncil.org/positions/WPAplagiarism.pdf
London Metropolitan University. (2023). Referencing. Retrieved from https://student.londonmet.ac.uk/library/subject-guides-and-research-support/referencing-and-copyright/referencing/
Turnitin. (2012). Plagiarism spectrum: Tagging 10 types of unoriginal work. Retrieved from http://turnitin.com/assets/en_us/media/plagiarism_spectrum.php