Re Do the Paper.
Running head: BULLYING
BULLYING 2
Bullying
Student’s Name
Course
Supervisor
Abstract
This paper sought to give a critique of an article in the journal of psychology, health, and medicine concerning the topic of bullying. The paper began by analyzing the importance of the journal article and why it was written. It observed that the article was written with the aim of defining bullying and identifying its prevalence and how it is affected by gender differences. The article also studied the risk factors of bullying and the possible solutions to bullying. This paper then did a critical analysis of the article and found out that though the article addressed the most pertinent issues in bullying, it failed to address some aspects of bullying, such as cyberbullying. Besides, the article did not effectively address the health effects of bullying and the solutions for bullying. Therefore, this paper recommended that future studies focus more on longitudinal studies concerning the effects of bullying as well as further studies concerning the solutions for bullying.
Introduction
The issue of bullying in schools and the knowledge state and possible interventions was studied in the Journal of Psychology, health, and medicine. The article sought to contribute to the existing researches concerning bullying in schools by carrying out research concerning the available knowledge about the state of bullying and the possible solutions towards the issue.
The article identified three possible approaches that would be used to explain the reasons for bullying. The approaches that the paper gave could be identified as the possible reasons that led to bullying in schools. These were repetition, intentional bullying, and the lack of balance in power (Menesini, 2017). The article defined bullying as a situation in which the peers abused their powers and referred to the issue as a serious global challenge.
The paper studied the prevalence of bullying in schools, the age in which it was common, gender differences as well as the types of bullying that were popular. The paper was also important in its explanation concerning the span for which bullying lasts and the reasons behind its occurrence (Menesini, 2017). To achieve its objectives, the paper used surveys that had been carried out in large western countries as well as middle-level and low-income countries, which enhances its credibility and applicability.
Due to variations in the prevalence, the paper mainly focused on the definition of bullying, its frequency, and the span. Therefore, the study is a key foundation and pillar for future studies concerning bullying. This is because it outlines various topics that any scholar may seek to understand concerning bullying. It gives a foundation to the study about the causes of bullying. This is very crucial as it is upon the findings that we can provide a solution to bullying. The paper also gives major insights concerning other matters of concern, such as bullying prevalence.
Literature review
The article began by defining the meaning of bullying. Bullying was defined as aggressive and intentional behavior that is done repeatedly by a person or group for a victim who is defenseless (Menesini, 2017). Though the definition may have differed from what other articles defined the term, the general acceptance is that bullying has to be intentional and must be aimed at harming another person due to the power imbalance that exists between the two people.
The article also discussed the prevalence of bullying at that time. One of the challenges that were identified in the estimation of the challenges of bullying is the variations in the metrics of measurements. Therefore, the criteria for estimating bullying across different studies would differ. However, the rate of bullying was at 20-25 percent by the year 2014. This represented the number of youths who were either victims or the perpetrators of bullying. Comprehensive researches in western nations observed that about 9-25% of the children who have attained the school-age (Menesini, 2017). Other estimates indicated that by 2014, 35% of the sample selected was involved in traditional forms of bullying, while those involved in cyberbullying were around 15%.
The article also contextualizes the factors that describe the prevalence of bullying. In this case, the article used data defined by large surveys that were carried out across nations. These were researches carried out by NGOs, international organizations, and state governments (Menesini, 2017). A research carried out in 2015 across 10 ASEAN nations by using large surveys and reports by scholars observed that there are differences in culture as well as languages with regard to the perpetrators of bullying, its time of happening, and the various classifications of bullying. Though these differences were existed and had implications on the study, it concluded that among the ten countries activities that could be regarded as bullying in their nature remained prevalent. In western countries, the rate of bullying stood at around 10%.
The study made a critical observation that though lots of researches had been carried out in the western countries, little had been done to study the prevalence of bullying in middle-level and low-income countries (Menesini, 2017). The study also studied the difference in cases of bullying across various genders and across various age groups. It was observed that the prevalence in bullying differed in accordance with age and gender.
The article carried out a meta-analysis of 153 types of research that had been conducted concerning bullying. The findings were that age contributed a proportion of 0.9 in the role of the bully and -0.1 in the role of the victim. It was also observed that during the middle school years, the rate of bullying was at its highest and tended to decrease with time. The prevalence of bullying among boys was high as compared to girls.
The research also analyzed the risk factors of bullying to the bullies, the victims, factors at the classroom level, and the health risks posed by bullying. The research findings indicated that bullying made the bullies develop an aggressive culture and hence had low levels of empathy. The victims lived with a low level of social skills, and their self-esteem was relatively low. To the victims, bullying is said to cause some undesirable effects such as low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. The research found out a high rate of bullying in classes that were considered of a high hierarchy. Still, there was no evidence of the relation between the demographic parameters and the rates of bullying (Menesini, 2017). It was also concluded that bullying had negative health effects on the bullies and the victims. The victims were reported by several studies as having declining health.
Lastly, the paper also identified some possible effective interventions for bullying. According to a meta-analysis concluded in 2009, anti-bullying interventions proved an effective tool in coping with bullying (Menesini, 2017). The research observed that the composition and span of the intervention programs was a key determinant of their effectiveness. The interventions identified in the research were the mobilization of bystanders and the development of anti-bullying policies in schools.
Critical analysis
The journal addressed some of the most critical topics that every person seeking to understand and find solutions to bullying might be willing to know. The article gave the topic of bullying a strong foundation through the definition and identification of the prevalence in bullying. This was important to clear any differences that might exist as to the scope and nature of what the study would cover.
One of the essential points that the article addressed is the issue of the risk factors associated with bullying, including the impacts on the bullies and the victims both mentally and psychologically. However, I feel that the health effects of bullying need to have been addressed more deeply as this would have acted as a key guide in finding solutions for bullying. Longitudinal studies concerning bullying and its impacts have not effectively addressed the health impacts of bullying as bullied individuals grow up to see how the vice affects people at later stages of life.
Available studies have associated bullying victims with antisocial behaviors and low self-esteem. Besides, it has been observed that the impact of bullying declines as people grow up. Some of the conditions that have been associated with bullying have been self-harm, depression, failure anticipation, and anxiety (Hymel, 2015). The nature of the impact depended on the victimization that bullying had caused and the personality of the bullied victim.
The paper did not sufficiently address the issue of cyberbullying, which has been currently on the rise due to technological advancement. Some of the effects found out from the victims of cyberbullying are interpersonal sensitivity, deficiencies in psychological functions, and the development of antisocial nature (Waasdorp, 2015). Besides, the paper did not effectively address the solutions to bullying. Therefore, future studies should carry out a more longitudinal analysis of the effects of bullying to understand the long-term and short-term effects of bullying. The studies should also focus on identifying the solutions towards traditional bullying and cyberbullying.
References
Menesini, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2017). Bullying in schools: the state of knowledge and effective interventions. Psychology, health & medicine, 22(sup1), 240-253.
Hymel, S., & Swearer, S. M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293.
Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2015). The overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(5), 483-488.
Teachers Complain On Paper
Page one has some major errors.
1. The words Term Paper should be on the second line, then your name.
2. The name of the course, and my name should not be there. The course number, section number, and date Fall, 2019 must be there, see the template.
page two. The running head must be the same font and size as the rest of the text. The heading should not be bold, the abstract should not be indented.
There must be evidence, you must have citations.
Do not anthropomorphize the paper. Papers do not seek, papers do not observe, papers do not do an analysis, papers just lay around.
Page three, the title must be at the top of page three, see the template, the subheading Introduction should be on the left margin.
The mention of the Journal of Psychology is misleading, this is like saying that that a magazine studied an article on Bigfoot, when the article was just one in the magazine.
Spacing between paragraphs should be double spaces. Again, articles do not identify things, papers do not study things. Use the name of the author, ii.e. Menesini (2017) studied bullying.
The Critical analysis heading should be on the left margin.
The references heading should not be bold print. Names of Journals should have words capitalized and be written in italics.
You desperately need to proofread for grammar, I suggest you get someone to help you go through it.
Most of the content is okay, but you need to fix APA and grammar issues.