Order #413702 Topic: Assignment test #5

QUIZ 4

Incorrect Question 1 0 / 1 pts

When the researcher generates a list of potential subjects and selects every nth subject on the list, she is using what type of sampling approach?

Nonprobability sampling

Convenience sampling

Systematic sampling

Simple random sampling

Systematic sampling is the correct answer.

Question 2 1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is true about control and experimental groups (in a true experiment)?

Since treatment will be withheld from the control group, subjects must volunteer for the control group

The experimental group, but not the control group, must be volunteers because of risks of harm to the experimental group

The two groups can be heterogeneous at the beginning of the study

Subjects must be randomly sorted into the two groups

Random assignment is the correct answer.

Question 3 1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is true concerning establishing a causal effect in an experiment?

All of the answers presented are correct

The independent and dependent variable must change at the same time in the same direction.

The variation in the independent variable must occur before the change in the dependent variable

The relationship between the independent and dependent variable must be stronger than between the dependent variable and any other variables.

The mechanism that causes the relationship must be known.

Changes in the IV must precede changes in the DV.

Question 4 1 / 1 pts

Experiments are considered “quasi experimental” when:

The context and mechanism for causal effects cannot be established

The experimental and control groups are randomly matched shortly before the treatment is administered

Subjects are not randomly assigned to experiment and control groups

Time order for change in the dependent variable cannot be established

Absence of random assignment to experimental and control groups defines Quasi-E.

Incorrect Question 5 0 / 1 pts

A graduate student wishes to explore if court ordered substance abuse treatment for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders has an effect on the odds an offender will commit future DUI offences. The students identifies his sample from among offenders arrested for DUI and designates those ordered into treatment as his experiment group and those not ordered into treatment into his control group. Which of the following best identifies the type of experiment he used?

Ex post facto design

Nonequivalent [groups] design

Time series design

Before-and-after design

True experiment

A quasi-experimental or non-equivalent group design is the best option. None of the other options provided describes the experiment.

Incorrect Question 6 0 / 1 pts

What is one of the greatest problems with experimental designs?

Low measurement validity

Inability to rule out rival hypotheses

Low external validity

Low internal validity

It's low external validity. The conditions created in laboratory settings (in order to control factors affecting the internal validity of the experiment) are such, that the results are not generalizable.

Question 7 1 / 1 pts

To maximize generalizability, a researcher should focus primarily on:

Theory

Hypotheses

Measurement

Sampling

Sampling is the important factor to consider when generalizing findings.

Question 8 1 / 1 pts

The most powerful research designs to establish cause and effect between variables are:

Correlational designs

Quasi-experimental designs

Experimental designs

Survey designs

Experimental or randomized experiments are the most powerful group of designs for cause-effect.

Question 9

1 / 1 pts

According to Cook & Campbell (1979), 3 conditions are needed to be met to establish cause and effect. Select the one that DOES NOT belong in this group:

Temporal precedence

Covariation

Simultaneity

No plausible alternative explanations

The cause must precede the effect, these cannot occur simultaneously.

Question 10 1 / 1 pts

Random assignment, also known as random selection, is a strong component in ensuring the external validity of the study.

True

False

Random assignment refers to assigning subjects to treatment conditions and random selection is related to sampling procedures. Random assignment is linked to the internal validity of the study whereas random assignment to the external validity. Even though some authors argue that these 2 processes affect both the internal and external validity of the study, the main point of the statement, the issue that makes it false, is that these are different concepts.

Question 11 1 / 1 pts

An alternative name for quasi-experimental designs is field research.

True

False

This is correct. Field research or nonequivalent designs are alternative names for quasi-experimental designs.

Question 12 1 / 1 pts

In a k-factor design, the letter "k" designates:

The number of independent variables

The number of dependent variables

The number of groups

A constant or mathematical factor

It's the number of IVs or treatments what's designated by the letter "k".

Incorrect Question 13 0 / 1 pts

What type of question is the following research question: "What are the effects of cognitive-behavioral problem-solving skills training and non directive relationship therapy on antisocial child behavior?"

Comparative

Relational

Effectiveness

Descriptive

Comparative is correct, it compares to treatment modalities.

Question 14 1 / 1 pts

In the following research question, "What are the effects of three types of visual illustrations on learners' achievements, interests and time spent reading content-specific materials?", time is considered to be a(n):

Independent variable

Temporal variable

Confounding variable

Dependent variable

Time, along with achievement and interest is a DV. The IVs are the visual illustrations (which can be a single IV with 3 levels or 3 IVs altogether, depending on the type of change between each illustration).

Question 15 1 / 1 pts

A disadvantage of the repeated measures design is that maturation and history may affect the internal validity of the study.

True

False

True, these are the 2 most important threats in repeated measures designs.

Question 16 1 / 2 pts

Design [and list] a QUAN research question and indicate the following elements (all elements must be included and correct to earn credit):

1. The type of question (descriptive, relational, etc.)

2. The IVs and the DVs

3. How the DV will be operationalized (or measured) (e.g., if the DV is weight change then "change in pounds" is the operationalized variable)

Your Answer:

What is the effect of exercise on the weight change as measured by pounds change?

Incorrect Question 17 0 / 1 pts

A researcher is interested in understanding instances of excessive use of force in law enforcement. She will be looking at gender and formal education as variables influencing officers' decision-making under duress. A proper design to look at these variables would be:

Within subjects design

Factorial design

Correlational design

Repeated measures design

There are 2 main factors of interest, gender and education and these may have 2 or more levels (e.g., male/female; HS, Bachelor, Graduate School), therefore, a Factorial design is appropriate.

Question 18 1 / 1 pts

Factorial designs can use within-subjects or between-subjects approaches and can include pretest and post-test or post-test only measures.

True

False

True, see Edmonds & Kennedy page 76.

Incorrect Question 19 0 / 1 pts

The main difference between a pre-experimental design and a quasi- experimental design is:

The lack of single subject design

The lack of random assignment in both types of design

The absence of control group in the pre-experimental design

The absence of control group in the quasi-experimental design

Control group is what makes these 2 designs different. Quasi-experiments include control groups. See page 166 in Creswell.