Order #417829 Topic: A#6 Final exam
QUIZ 3
Question 1 1 / 1 pts
According to Creswell & Creswell (2018), which sampling technique is most desirable in QUAN research?
Random sample
Convenience sample
Purposeful sample
Criterion-based sample
Random sample is correct.
Question 2 1 / 1 pts
According to Creswell & Creswell (2018), which type of validity has become the overriding objective in validity?
Construct validity
Discriminant validity
Predictive validity
Content validity
See "Instrumentation" section in Chapter 8.
Question 3 1 / 1 pts
What does the symbol R indicated in an experimental design?
Random assignment
Observation
Comparison groups
Pearson's correlation (r)
It denotes random assignment of subjects to treatment or control conditions.
Incorrect Question 4 0 / 1 pts
Survey designs help researchers answer the following types of questions, except:
Questions that establish cause and effect
Descriptive questions
Questions about the relationship between variables
Questions about predictive relationships between variables over time
See page 147 in Creswell.
Question 5 1 / 1 pts
An experimental design systematically manipulates the____________to evaluate how this impacts a____________.
independent variable--dependent variable
dependent variable--independent variable
predictor---independent variable
criterion variable---dependent variable
The IV is manipulated to observe variations on the DV.
Question 6 1 / 1 pts
A cross-sectional survey design usually collects data:
At one point in time
Several times over time
To one sub-section of the selected sample
In paper and pencil instruments
At a single point in time is the correct answer (see Creswell page 149).
Incorrect Question 7 0 / 1 pts
When characteristics of the population members are represented in the sample and the sample reflects the true proportion of individuals with certain characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity, education) we are in the presence of a_______________sample.
Stratified
Random
Multi-layered
Population
Stratified sample is the one that shows various strata of interest to the researcher (see page 150 in Creswell).
Question 8 1 / 1 pts
Reliability refers to:
The consistency of an instrument
Whether the instrument measures what is supposed to measure
The degree of trust that should be placed on a given measurement instrument
Whether the construct is properly represented by the items of an instrument
Reliability is the same as consistency in test and measurement. See page 154 in Creswell.
Incorrect Question 9 0 / 1 pts
According to Creswell, one of the principal features distinguishing an experiment from a survey design is:
Random assignment
The number of participants
The use of paper and pencil instruments
The number of items to be included in the questionnaire
Random assignment is paramount in true experiments and distinguishes it from any other form of research design, including survey research. See Creswell, page 162.
Incorrect Question 10 0 / 1 pts
The main difference between a pre-experimental design and a quasi- experimental design is:
The absence of control group in the pre-experimental design
The absence of control group in the quasi-experimental design
The lack of random assignment in both types of design
The lack of single subject design
Control group is what makes these 2 designs different. Quasi-experiments include control groups. See page 166 in Creswell.
Question 11 1 / 1 pts
The degree to which item responses on a test are correlated (with each other) is known as a measure of:
Internal consistency
Positive correlation
Inter-rater reliability
Content validity
The correct answer is internal consistency. The most popular measure of internal consistency is Chronbach's Alpha. (see class slides).
Question 12 1 / 1 pts
When participants in the control and experimental group communicate with each other they can influence how both groups score on outcome measures. This is known as:
Difussion of treatment or cross-contamination of groups
Mortality
Group gossip
Selection
This is one of the threats to the internal validity of the study and is called difussion of treatment (Creswell, page 170).
Question 13 1 / 1 pts
Josephine is a psychology student who decided to participate in a research study. As part of the study, she will need to complete an intelligence test along with a depression and an anxiety scale. Her proximity to psychology professors also give her access to some of these instruments, and she decides to take a peek at the tests to make sure she "performs well" in them. Moreover, she discusses some of the items with other research participants in her PSY class. The name of the threat to the validity of the study that best illustrates this phenomenon is:
Testing
Instrumentation
Cheating
Maturation
See "Testing on page 171 of Creswell.
Incorrect Question 14 0 / 1 pts
The degree to which research findings can be generalized to the population represented by the sample in a study is known as:
External validity
Internal validity
Generalization
Treatment generalization
That is the definition of External Validity of a study.
Question 15 1 / 1 pts
When experts in the field assess the degree to which all important parts of a construct are represented by the items in the instrument and/or how relevant the items are to the construct they are helping the researcher establish which type of validity?
Content validity
Face validity
Construct validity
Judge-based validity
They're ensuring the content of the test relates to the construct, content validity is correct.
Question 16
1 / 1 pts
Quantitative data collected at one point in time within a survey design is cross- sectional.
True
False
It's cross sectional; the alternative is longitudinal, but that would require collecting it over time.
Incorrect Question 17 0 / 1 pts
The benefits of using a survey methodology include the relatively low-cost of the data collection and analysis, flexibility to access populations across distances and the standardization of the measures.
True
False
All those mentioned are true advantages.
Question 18 1 / 1 pts
Most QUAN research studies include some degree of a descriptive analysis. This analysis includes the proper report of means, standard deviations and range of scores for most variables. If there is missing data in the study, the researcher can exclude it from the analyses and does not need to go any further since it is understood that most studies include some degree of missing data.
True
False
The investigator should not only indicate what data is missing but also present a plan to report how much data is missing (and sometimes hire a statistician expert in missing data to help with the analyses).
Question 19 1 / 1 pts
The statement: "Test scores may be reliable but not valid" indicates that the test may lack consistency but still measure what it purports to measure.
True
False
It's the other way around, it may still be consistent but not measuring what it's expected to measure (think of a ruler missing the number 13; every measure over 10 inches will come an inch short, but it will do so consistently).
Question 20 1 / 1 pts
When participants score "extreme" scores on a test (too high or too low), they tend to move towards the mean on a second administration of the same instrument. This phenomenon, regression to the mean, is a threat to the internal validity of the study specifically because the changes in the outcome variable are not the result of treatment but the result of other intervening variables.
True
False
The definition provided is true and is the internal validity threat known as regression or, more specifically, regression to the mean.