final paper
Outline for Psychological Disorders
Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
IV. Psychological Disorders
- A. Anxiety Disorders: characterized by . . .
distressing persistent anxiety (a feeling and a cognition)
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
5 types:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
IV. Psychological Disorders
- A. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Generalized anxiety disorder: characterized by .
Continuous feelings of tension or unease
worried thoughts about bad things happening
autonomic nervous system arousal
the inability to identify or explain its cause (free-floating)
Persists for 6 months or more
Women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Two-thirds of the sufferers are women.
(Why the gender difference? Be a good critical thinker! It doesn’t have to be biology! (Women are more willing than men to seek help by going to therapy/counseling.)
IV. Psychological Disorders
- A. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Panic Disorder: characterized by . . .
More extreme anxiety
anxiety escalates until the person suffers from a panic attack:
lasts a couple of minutes
intense fear that something horrible is about to happen
experience racing heart, shortness of breath, etc.
Unpredictable
Smokers have double the risk of panic attacks (nicotine = stimulant)
IV. Psychological Disorders
- A. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Phobias:
anxiety is focused on a specific object, activity, or situation
An irrational fear that disrupts behavior
Persistent and debilitating
agoraphobia: fear of open spaces or places where help may be unavailable or escape may be unlikely
mikrophobia: fear of germs
claustrophobia: fear of closed spaces
xenophobia: fear of strangers
IV. Psychological Disorders
- A. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
Common ones include concern with dirt and germs
Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)
Symmetry, order, exactness
unwanted repetitive actions (compulsions)
Excessive handwashing, bathing, grooming
Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair)
Checking doors, locks, appliances, homework
interferes with daily functioning
More common in teens and young adults
Obsession and compulsions may lessen as people age
IV. Psychological Disorders
- A. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder:
occurs because of traumatic stress; witnessing or experiencing a severely threatening event
symptoms include . . .
nightmares
haunting memories
social withdrawal
problems sleeping & concentrating
anxiety
depression
Overdiagnosed?
Remember that we gave the label of “disorder” when it may be a normal response to trauma! What about survivor resiliency & posttraumatic growth? (p. 576)
IV. Psychological Disorders
- B. Mood Disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
2 types:
1. Major Depressive Disorder
2. Bipolar Disorder
IV. Psychological Disorders
- B. Mood Disorders (cont.)
Major Depressive Disorder: (2 weeks or longer)
prolonged hopelessness; feelings of worthlessness
changes in diet
discouraged about the future; dissatisfied with life
sleep problems
low energy
isolated from other people
low motivation & lack of concentration
behavior and events that are normally rewarding and pleasurable are no longer so.
IV. Psychological Disorders
- B. Mood Disorders (cont.)
Major Depressive Disorder (cont.)
number 1 reason to seek mental health services
1 in 5 Americans; women are twice as likely to suffer from major depressive disorder
college students at risk
most depressive episodes last less than six months
Dysthymic disorder (Persistent depressive disorder)
less disabling
2 years or more
IV. Psychological Disorders
- B. Mood Disorders (cont.)
- Bipolar Disorder
(aka: manic depressive disorder)
rebounding between emotional extremes
major depression
manic episodes: a euphoric hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep
maladaptive symptoms: grandiose optimism and self-esteem
IV. Psychological Disorders
- B. Mood Disorders
- Bipolar Disorder (cont.)
affects 1% of the population
affects men & women equally
milder forms of mania associated with greater creativity (Walt Whitman, George Frederic Handel)
IV. Psychological Disorders
- Mood Disorders (cont.)
Suicide: (Read the book! Pp. 590-592)
Gender differences
Ethnic differences
Age differences
Warning signs
IV. Psychological Disorders
- C. Dissociative Disorders
Characterized by a sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder:
aka: multiple personality disorder
people are dissociated from themselves and have 2 or more different identities that seem to control their behavior at different time points
Highly controversial; many question whether this is a fad diagnosis. If it exists, it would be extremely rare.
P. 600-601
IV. Psychological Disorders
- D. Schizophrenia: (p. 593-599)
(“split mind”) meaning split from reality
characterized by losing contact with reality by experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
psychosis
Hospitalization
1950s 500,000 people hospitalized
1980s 180,000 people hospitalized
800,000 people treated as outpatients because of improvements in medication
Prevalence
1 in 100 people
IV. Psychological Disorders
- D. Schizophrenia
- Characteristic Symptoms
1. Disturbed Content of Thought
Features Which May Occur Separately or Collectively:
Thought Control
Thought Broadcasting
Thought Insertion
Thought Withdrawal
Paranoid Delusions
Delusions of grandeur and religiosity
IV. Psychological Disorders
- D. Schizophrenia
2. Disturbances in Speech
Loosening of associations
Poverty in the content of speech
3. Disturbances in Perception
Auditory hallucinations
IV. Psychological Disorders
- D. Schizophrenia
4. Disturbed Affect
Flat
Inappropriate
5. Disturbed Psychomotor Behavior
Catatonic Rigidity
Catatonic Excitement
Catatonic Posturing
IV. Psychological Disorders
- D. Schizophrenia
- Four Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized:
frequent or constant incoherent speech and flat or inappropriate affect
Catatonic:
excessive, sometimes violent motor activity or a mute, unmoving state.
Paranoid:
delusions of persecution, grandeur, or both
Undifferentiated:
hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence without meeting criteria for other types
IV. Psychological Disorders
- E. Personality Disorders:
characterized by . . .
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
antisocial personality: (sociopaths or psychopaths)
lack of a conscience
often evident in the teen years when the behavior becomes extremely inappropriate
(e.g., Ted Bundy)