Critical Motivation Paper
PSY#352
Id operates by the pleasure principle
Ego operates by the reality principle
superego evaluates the interactions of the two
freud argued for the unconscious and preconscious
disturbing thoughts are repressed
humor allows us to consider disturbing thoughts without anxiety
freud argued unconscious desires also surface in dreams
manifest vs. latent content
modern-day psychologists see unconscious process as manifestations of automaticity, and repression as practicing avoiding a memory until it becomes automatic
preconscious processing prepares us for conscious recognition of stimuli
so a lot of processing goes on under the surface before we consciously evaluate anything
mechanisms: the actual structures that explain how we do things
drives: what it was that induced mechanisms to operate
needs energize drives
example: need for food energizes the drive to eat, hunger mechanisms explain why
primary or viscerogenic needs:
physiological in nature
deal with bodily satisfaction
secondary or psychological needs:
deal with mental or emotional satisfaction
Murray's Psychogenic Needs
-Achievement
-Affiliation
-Autonomy
-Dominance
-Order
-Understanding
Tolman; demonstrated psychological needs motivates behavior in rats
demonstrated rats have mental maps
Incentives and Drives
warden argued that drives and incentives match up
-as drives increase, incentives become more powerful
-as intensives are lessened, drives to behavior lessen as well
Lewin's Field Theory
-forces exist with the persons life space
objects or activities with a positive valance attract
object or activities with a negative valence repel
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sexual pleasure
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male orgasm is universal, female orgams is rarer
25% always have orgasm & 55% have orgasm more than ½ the time during intercourse
33% rarely or never orgasm then
theory1: female orgasm is a side-effect or byproduct of male orgasm, just as male nipples are a by product of the necessity for female nipples
theory2: female orgamsm promotes pregnancy by inspiring females to search out partners and seek sexual activity
tehory3: female orgasm causes uterine and vaginal movements that help move sperm cells toward the fallopian tubes, increasing likelihood of conception ( The Inscuk Hypothesis)
“supported by evidence women more likely to conceive if the orgasm between 1 min before ejaculation and 45 minutes after”
theory 4: female orgasm provides feelings of intimacy and promotes romantic love, leading to pair bonding, increasing childrens survival chances and servs as natural reinforcer for intercourse, tying her partner to the woman
romantic love
strong attachment involving commitment and eventually turning to care and comfort in the presence of the partner
though viewed as separate from sexual desire, the two parallel each other.
You look after them, they look after you
sexual selection; species use a wide variety of criteria to select mates, with many using more than one factor
facial attractivenesss;
attractive faces show: symmetry, mathematically average features
sexual dimorphism
more attractive people become sexually active earlier, have more relationships
physical features;
attractiveness may be a sign of health, fertility, intelligence, (the good genes hypothessis)
(to have grown up so perfectky balances, the person must have eaten well, have a good immune system, had capable parents, and been smart enough to avoid troubles)
more attractive people do tend to have more offspring,
in one study; more attractive women 16% more children
very attractive women had 6% more children than that
unattractive men had 13% fewer children
the bad genes hypothesis; suggest that we are repelled by people of below avarage attractiveness, rule them out
lack of symmetry especially repellant
when it comes to raising children, sexual dimorphism comes into play, we want people good at being male or female
other qualities each child is a vast investment for the female shee needs partner who will be committed to her & her child long term
males could theoretically have many children with many different females, increasing spread of their genes
males need a partner who signals fitness for bearing healthy children
youth, health, bodily symmetry, & possibly swollen breasts are all indicators of health, youth & fertility
females need a partner who is stable, caring, powerful in society, and has access to resources to ensure survival of their joint young
argues that biological factors interact with social experiences
males are larger and stronger and thus benefit more from entering brute strength occupations
females are child bearers and thus are more conveniently kept close to the home and hearth
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the structural powerless hypothesis argues that smaller, less strong females are powerless to achieve resources on their own
lippa's bbc survey found females in modern industrial societies value traits of niceness over ambition and access to resources, possibly because they aren't wanting in those things
surveys ranging from 1939-1996 have found
ambition&industriousness
guarding relationship;
mate poaching attracting someone already in a romantic relationship, nearly 60% of men and 40% of women report attempting to pach or attempts by others
men are more likely than women to succumb to short-term poaching
jealousy,
triggered by actual or suspected loss of a mate's affection or sexual intifidelity
females worry more about emotional infidelity
top ten reported fears of Americans (APA, 2018)
fear of spiders, fear of snakes, fear of heights, fear of flying fear of dogs fear of thunder fear of injections fear of crowded places, fear of germs
prepared classical conditioning; fears of snakes; spiders, caterpillars, the dark, are very easy to teach by pairing them with loud noises fear of electrical outlets hammers, pajamas, and lambs almost impossible to teach with classical conditioning called “contraprepared”
kids are ultrasensitive to snakes, can pick them out of other stimuli faster than other objects
7-18 months infants
pictures of snakes and elephants shown;;
distressed voice by mother; following snakes
happy voice by mother; following snakes and elephants equally
monkeys can learn observation ( shown tapes of reacting other monkeys to sanake or a flower)
people shown pictures of spiders & snakes or flowers & shrooms
one of the two categories paired with electric shook the other not
people quickly showed faster heartrates to the shocked item in the spiders & snakes group, but not the flowers & shrooms group
children often show food neophobia or fear of new foods
children prefer sweet foods at birth and salty ones not long after that
children showed preparedness to avoid foods associated with digestive upset
salivation to sour foods appears to serve dilute sourness
humans like high fat content in food
music may be a by product of vocal mimicry
music causes positive emotions
music promotes group bonding
music might charm sex partners
infants enjoy music in tune to out of tune, harmonious , regular rhythms
-addictive behaviors
cumplsive seerking of short-term pelasure at the cost of living more severe negative consequences
caffeine
makes people feel more alert, eneg]rgetic, lively, clear headed
use also prevents caffeine withdrawal in frequent users
withdrawal begins 12-24 hours after last usage
-alcohol
an avarage drink contains .4-.5 ounces of pur alcohol
produces euphoria releases inhibitions
effects depend o sex body sizee whether other things are consumed tolerance
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relaxation talkativeness happy feelings
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face flushing mild sedation euphoria
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giddiness lack of restraint and judgment
.6 ability to asses risk deteriorates
.8 rt muscle control slows illegal to drive
.10 rt muscle control speech impacted
.15 loss of motor control
.20 speech slurred falling down drunk
.40 unconsciousness, high chance of death
-nicotine
initial usage reactions, negative comiting dizziness
tolerance brings mood enhancement, relaxation, stimulant effects
withdrawal produces irritability anxiety, hunger depression
amphetamines
produces euphoria, alertness,powerful sense of well-being
meth is even more powerful
ectasy similar but not associated with stroke, rpoduces a 5 hour high accompanied by feelings of sportuality and closeness to others
its not the meth that does;; its what hunger does (loss of vitamins)
marijuana
includes marijuana & hashish, plants containing tetrahydrocannabinol
euphoria, drowsiness, feelings of disconnectedness
withdrawal symptopms include fatigue, anxiety problems, concentrating, depression
cocaine
a white powder derived from coca paste
crack cocaine a crystalline form commonly smoked
powerful euphoria increased “energy full body orgasm”
withdrawal starts in 15-30 minutes
opiates
morphine,codeine,heroin,oxycodone,vicodin,demerol
causes and orgasm-like rush followed by feelings of well beeing
withdrawal causes explosive diarrhea, “goose bumps,” chills, body aches
hallucinogens
cause distortion of reality, delusions, enhance sensory experiences
includes lsd, pcp, ectasy, mescaline, peyote
usually taken for the “departure from reality” effects