psy 326
2
I. Introduction
a) The civil rights movement was a very significant time in American history.
b) Slavery, racism, white supremacy, and prejudice were important themes in the civil rights movement.
c) The fight for civil rights for African-Americans was primarily motivated by the United States' founding promise of equality.
d) The social learning theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs serve as the underlying psychological theories in the investigation.
e) Social learning theory, motivation theory, the hierarchy of needs, the civil rights struggle, and psychological theories are suggested search phrases to locate peer-reviewed literature in psychology journals related to my subject.
II. Why the Event Occurred – Theory I
a) According to the social learning theory, individuals pick up new skills not only from their own experiences but also from the successes and criticisms of their peers.
b) According to proponents of the social learning theory, employees may learn appropriate behavior at work by seeing how management deals with issues that arise among workers.
c) Many theorists argue that followers tend to model their actions after those of individuals they hold in high esteem.
I.
III. Why the Event Occurred – Theory II
a) According to the motivational theory known as the "hierarchy of needs," the highest priorities are safety and security, satiation of physiological requirements, self-actualization, pride, love, and belongingness.
b) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, people are driven to take action to meet their base requirements before they can move on to the next set of wants.
c) In the hierarchy of needs, c) the order in which requirements are met is crucial.
IV. Analysis – Basic Perceptual and Cognitive Processes
a) It is undeniable that the civil rights movement influenced the positive development of American society, government, and industry.
b) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were both made possible by the civil rights movement.
c) The civil rights movement also aided segregation and prejudice in the United Statement.
V. Analysis – Dual Process Model
a) The dual process model posits that people use cognitive and emotional processes when making decisions.
b) The dual process model can help explain why the civil rights movement successfully changed attitudes and behaviors.
c) The dual process model can also help to explain why some people still hold negative attitudes and behaviors towards black people.
Annotated Bibliography
Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Wilkins-Yel, K. G. (2021). Precarious work in the 21st century: A psychological perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103491
Annotation: In this article, Allan et al. describe the psychological theories behind the civil rights movement. The authors note that a desire for equality and justice drove the civil rights movement and that several psychological theories supported these goals. Specifically, the authors discuss how the ideas of social identity and self-categorization can help to explain the purposes of the civil rights movement. The authors also discuss how the theory of social loafing can help explain why some people may have been reluctant to participate in the civil rights movement. This article is handy for my paper because it presents the psychological theories that drove the civil rights movement. Additionally, the report includes a discussion of the limitations of these theories. One limitation is that the theories need to fully explain the motivations of all individuals who participated in the civil rights movement. Another limitation is that the theories do not fully explain the outcomes of the civil rights movement.
Abstract from Author: Converging forces have led to an increase in precarious work, which threatens the health and well-being of workers globally and in the United States. Scholars in many fields are studying the implications of precarious work, and work psychologists have contributed to this literature by studying constructs such as job insecurity, underemployment, and decent work. In this article, we summarize the literature on precarious work and offer a psychological framework of work precarity to connect this psychological research with the existing precarious work literature. In the work precarity framework, social and economic marginalization and economic conditions and policies influence who has precarious work, which subsequently leads to three psychological states of work precarity: precarity of work (i.e., uncertainty related to the continuity of one's work), precarity at work (i.e., unpredictability in work due to discrimination, harassment, and unsafe working conditions), and precarity from work (i.e., uncertainty from holding a job that does not meet one's basic needs). These psychological states then result in poorer job attitudes, poorer mental health, and disrupted identity. We also provide future directions for research in this area and identify areas where work psychologists can contribute and advance the literature.
Andrews, E. E., Forber-Pratt, A. J., Mona, L. R., Lund, E. M., Pilarski, C. R., & Balter, R. (2019). #SaytheWord: A disability culture commentary on the erasure of “disability”.. Rehabilitation Psychology, 64(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000258
Annotation: Annotation: In this article, Andrews and colleagues discuss the psychological theories behind the civil rights movement. The authors describe how the move was motivated by a desire to achieve equality and how the principles of psychology shaped it. They also discuss how the movement has influenced the way we think about psychological theory today. This article is handy for my paper because it provides a detailed account of the psychological ideas behind the civil rights movement. It also discusses how the campaign has influenced the way we think about psychological theory today. One limitation, though, is that the authors need to discuss how the civil rights movement has influenced the psychological theories of other social activities.
Abstract from Author: Purpose: To inform the field of rehabilitation psychology about the sociocultural implications of the term “disability” and explain the rationale behind the #SaytheWord movement, a social media call to embrace disability identity. Method: Review of the literature on disability terminology, the history of language use, and the relationship between attitudes toward disability and language. We reflect on the role of disability within the field of psychology and within the American Psychological Association (APA), including the underrepresentation of disabled psychologists and trainees with disabilities and the lack of mentorship opportunities available in the field. Implications: The authors argue that erasing the word “disability” can have unintended and adverse consequences. We describe how the erasure of disability identity in the context of current sociopolitical efforts to reduce and eliminate public services and supports for people with disabilities is especially threatening to members of the disability community. To move forward, the authors postulate that the disability movement must reconcile its history of exclusion and adopt a disability justice framework. Conclusion: The field of psychology has a rich tradition of appreciation of cultural diversity and individual differences, yet, disability has largely been left out of these efforts. The disability movement is moving toward the status of a diverse cultural group with a social justice agenda parallel to those of other marginalized communities. The authors posit that psychology must play a more vital role in advancing the human rights of people with disabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Blustein, D. L., Kenny, M. E., Di Fabio, A., & Guichard, J. (2018). Expanding the Impact of the Psychology of Working: Engaging Psychology in the Struggle for Decent Work and Human Rights. Journal of Career Assessment, 27(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072718774002
Annotation: In this article, Blustein et al. (2019), discuss the psychological theories behind the civil rights movement. The authors note that there has been a long history of research on the psychological factors that contribute to social change and that this research can be useful in understanding and promoting the goals of the civil rights movement. In particular, the authors highlight the work of psychologist Leon Festinger, who proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance. This theory posits that people are motivated to reduce the inconsistency between their beliefs and their actions and that this motivation can lead to social change. The authors argue that the civil rights movement can be seen as an example of cognitive dissonance in action and that understanding this theory can help promote the movement’s goals. One limitation of the article is that it does not discuss the role of emotions in the civil rights movement. However, this is understandable, given the article’s focus on cognitive dissonance. This is a helpful article for my paper because it provides insight into the psychological theories underpinning the civil rights movement.
Abstract from Author: Building on new developments in the psychology of working framework (PWF) and psychology of working theory (PWT), this article proposes a rationale and research agenda for applied psychologists and career development professionals to contribute to the many challenges related to human rights and decent work. Recent and ongoing changes in the world are contributing to a significant loss of decent work, including a rise of unemployment, underemployment, and precarious work across the globe. By failing to satisfy human needs for economic survival, social connection, and self-determination, the loss of decent work undermines individual and societal well-being, particularly for marginalized groups and those without highly marketable skills. Informed by innovations in the PWF/PWT, we offer exemplary research agendas that focus on examining the psychological meaning and impact of economic and social protections, balancing caregiving work and market work, making work more just, and enhancing individual capacities for coping and adapting to changes in the world of work. These examples are intended to stimulate new ideas and initiatives for psychological research that will inform and enhance efforts pertaining to work as a human right.
Grzanka, P. R., & Cole, E. R. (2021). An argument for bad psychology: Disciplinary disruption, public engagement, and social transformation. American Psychologist, 76(8), 1334–1345. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000853
Annotation: In this article, Grzanka and Cole argue for bad psychology, which they define as disciplinary disruption, public engagement, and social transformation. The authors state that bad psychology is necessary to create social change, and they provide examples of how it has been used in the past to achieve this. The authors also discuss the potential risks of using bad psychology but ultimately argue that the benefits outweigh the risks. This article is helpful for my paper because it provides a detailed argument for why bad psychology is necessary to create social change. Additionally, the report provides examples of how lousy psychology has been used in the past, which will help support my argument. One potential limitation is that the article does not provide evidence to support the claims about lousy psychology. However, this is not necessarily a flaw, as the paper is more concerned with providing a theoretical argument than empirical evidence.
Abstract from Author: How might core values of psychology impede efforts to promote public psychology? We identify some of the ways the discipline’s aspirations for publicly engaged science are undermined by its norms, particularly when engaging with communities affected by historically entrenched, structural inequalities. We interrogate what makes for “good” psychology, including methodological and ethical norms that are used to maintain scientific integrity and police the boundaries of the discipline. We suggest that some of the discipline’s classical tenets and contemporary movements may produce structural, epistemic barriers to the production of science and practice that enhance the public good. Reflecting critically on the rise of implicit bias training in institutional diversity efforts as a case study, we consider how evidence-based efforts to intervene in social problems on behalf of the so-called public interest can inadvertently reproduce or exacerbate extant inequities. We turn to various social movements’ reclamation of what counts as “bad” to imagine a psychology that refuses to adjust itself to racism and structural inequality. We argue that much of what psychologists might characterize as “bad” should not be viewed as antithetical to the very best kind of psychological practice, particularly trailblazing work that reimagines the relationship between psychologists and society. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Hodson, G. (2021). Pushing Back Against the Microaggression Pushback in Academic Psychology: Reflections on a Concept-Creep Paradox. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(5), 932–955. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621991863
Annotation: This article by Hodson reflects on the concept of microaggressions and how it has been used in academic psychology. The author notes that there has been a recent pushback against the idea of microaggressions, with some people arguing that it has been blown out of proportion and is now being used to silence legitimate debate. Hodson argues that this pushback is based on a misunderstanding of the concept of microaggressions and that the idea can be helpful in academic psychology if used correctly. This article is useful for my paper because it provides a critical perspective on microaggressions. The author makes a compelling argument that some people have misunderstood the concept, and it can be helpful if used correctly. One limitation of the article is that it does not provide any empirical evidence to support the author's claims. However, overall, this is a helpful article for my paper.
Abstract from Author: Echoing the 1960s, the 2020s opened with racial tensions boiling. The Black Lives Matter movement is energized, issuing pleas to listen to Black voices regarding day-to-day discrimination and expressing frustrations over the slow progress of social justice. However, psychological scientists have published only several opinion pieces on racial microaggressions, primarily objections, and strikingly little empirical data. Here I document three trends in psychology that coincide with the academic pushback against microaggressions: concept-creep concerns, especially those regarding expanded notions of harm; the expansion of right-leaning values in moral judgments (moral foundations theory); and an emphasis on prejudice symmetry, with the political left deemed equivalently biased against right-leaning targets (e.g., the rich, police) as the right is against left-leaning targets (e.g., Black people, women, LGBT+ people). Psychological scientists have ignored power dynamics and have strayed from their mission to understand and combat prejudice against disadvantaged populations, rendering researchers distracted and ill-equipped to tackle the microaggression concept. An apparent creep paradox, with calls to both reduce (e.g., harm) and expand (e.g., liberal prejudices, conservative moral foundations) concepts, poses a serious challenge to research on prejudice. I discuss the need for psychology to better capture Black experiences and to “tell it like it is” or risk becoming an irrelevant discipline of study.
Mazumder, S. (2018). The Persistent Effect of U.S. Civil Rights Protests on Political Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 62(4), 922–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12384
Annotation: In this article, Mazumder discusses the results of a study examining the effects of U.S. civil rights protests on political attitudes. The author found that participants who were exposed to civil rights protests were more likely to hold more liberal political attitudes than those who were not exposed to such protests. This article is useful for my paper because it provides evidence that real-world events can influence political attitudes. However, one limitation of the study is that it only looked at the effects of civil rights protests on political attitudes and did not examine other possible factors that could have influenced the participants' attitudes.
Abstract from Author: Protests can engender significant institutional change. Can protests also continue to shape a nation's contemporary politics outside of more formalized channels? I argue that social movements can not only beget institutional change, but also long-run, attitudinal change. Using the case of the U.S. civil rights movement, I develop a theory in which protests can shift attitudes and these attitudes can persist. Data from over 150,000 survey respondents provide evidence consistent with the theory. Whites from counties that experienced historical civil rights protests are more likely to identify as Democrats and support affirmative action, and less likely to harbor racial resentment against blacks. These individual-level results are politically meaningful—counties that experienced civil rights protests are associated with greater Democratic Party vote shares even today. This study highlights how social movements can have persistent impacts on a nation's politics.