Psychology lifespan
CHAPTER NINE
Physical and Cognitive Development
In
Middle Childhood
(Ages six to eleven years)
DISCUSSION
What role has the changing American family played with regard to children in this age group seeking acceptance?
How has technology contributed to group acceptance amongst children in the U.S.?
Is technology in schools benefitting children? How is it affecting lesson plans?
OVERVIEW
Physical Development
General Points
Specifics
Nutrition
Sports Participation
Health
Cognitive Development
Piaget
Information Processing
Psychometric Approach
Related Factors
Review Questions
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT SPECIFICS, p1
Height
Increases approximately 2.5” per year (non growth spurt)
Growth Spurt
Girls - ~10 to 12 years
Boys - ~ 12 – 13 years
Weight
Approximately five pounds per year (non growth spurt)
Girls will start to put on more weight
Gender Issues
Height differences emerge at the end of the stage
Girls will surpass boys weight gain during this stage
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT SPECIFICS, p2
Ossification continues
Muscle development increases (stretching)
Reaction time improves (myelination)
Both gross and fine motor skills continue to develop
Still significant outward differences in physical appearance
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT SPECIFICS, p3
Dental Development
Between six and twelve, all primary teeth are lost
The use of sealants
Motor Development
Still improving gross and fine motors skills https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sD2PzoogOsg
Increases in strength and agility
Girls are superior with regards to balance and flexibility
Boys greater strength emerging
Type of play
NUTRITION
Important to all areas of development
Caloric Needs: ~ 2,000 to 2,400 per day
Malnutrition
Effects ~4 million Americans per year
Affects all S.E.S. groups
Obesity
20% over normal weight (based on BMI)
Effects all areas
SPORTS PARTICIPATION
Approximately 35 to 40 million children in the U.S. participating in youth sports.
By age 14 the number declines to approximately 20 million.
There is a link between motor skills,
self-esteem and acceptance by others….consider how much this emphasizes sports
HEALTH
Should be one of the healthiest times of life
Massive increase in asthma within this age group over the past thirty years (why?)
Accidents are the number one cause of death in this age group
Stress
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL POINTS
A period of rapid intellectual development
Rapid vocabulary development
Increases in logic and reasoning
Two major, intellectual growth spurts
~ 6 years (crystalized)
~10 years
PIAGET
Concrete Operational Stage
Specifics
Deductive reasoning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJyuy4B2aKU
Inductive reasoning
Transivity: Type of logic / reasoning “if – then”
Conservation
Reversibility https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_0fTnXmrQo
Decentering
Seriation
Class Inclusion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIR3baiPG1A
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL
Improved speed of processing
Improved processing capacity
As we develop our memory function ebbs and flows
During this stage, overall memory improves
PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH
Theories
Spearman: Single Factor (g)
Sternberg: Triarchic Model (practical, creative, analytical)
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences (musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, etc.)
Measuring Intelligence
Culture Free / Cultural Bias
IMPORTANT FACTORS
School
Language development
Gifted Programs
I.E.P.s
Mainstreaming
The Pygmalion Effect
REVIEW QUESTIONS
What are the average, non growth spurt height gains per year in this stage?
Provide an example of decentering.
Are there age specific I.Q. tests for this age group?