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Introduction

Saudi Arabia is considered one of the wealthiest countries of the world. Finding underdeveloped and low-income areas in such an economy can prove to be a very challenging job if performed physically (Niblock, 2015). However, this does not mean that poverty and low-income areas do not exist anywhere in the country; they are just carefully and strategically hidden behind a façade of immense development. In such a case, digital satellite information, satellite imagery, and remote sensing can play a huge factor to help identify such places (Herold, Liu, & Clarke, 2003). Poor areas cannot be easily recognizable by satellite imagery unless high resolution images are used. Previously, when it came to the identification of poverty areas, researchers could use an approach of finding out where the older buildings are located in the region and where community centers, public schools, public hospitals, and charity centers are located in order to determine the classification and the spatial layout of the low- and high-income areas. Currently, immense changes in the spatial layouts and the advancements of technologies have been identified by high resolution satellite images.

1.1. Background

Buraydah City is the biggest city in Al Qassim region of Saudi Arabia and also it is the capital of the region. It is located in the north central area of Al Qassim region. It is about 300 km north of the capital city Riyadh. Buraydah has an area of about 600 square kilometers (Al Bassam, 2012).

1.2. Research Problems

Over the years, researchers have continued to seek through their research and studies to discover, detect, and predict problems trying to solve those which communities are faced with especially those related to continuous development and progress. The lack of data has been one of the biggest issues that have faced the researchers. The rising of costs has been another problem as well, especially the labors’ cost to collect data in many areas.

1.3. Research Objectives

The objectives of this paper are to determine the poverty areas by using satellite imagery and remote sensing applied to the city of Buraydah in the Al-Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. This helps identify poor areas which helps officials to develop them by implementing appropriate solutions.

Poverty hinders the development process that governments are striving for, and low income affects the standard of living which may result in social, economic, and other problems. Such issues need to be contained and reduced for the development, urbanization and progress that seek to advance the majority of societies around the world.

1.4. Literature Review

Satellite imagery and digital satellite spatial information have become very useful when it comes to the aspect of spatial analysis. The uses of satellites are not only limited to the prediction of weather disasters and weather forecasts. Remote sensing can be used to learn many different things about a certain location. As authors and researchers Herold, Liu, and Clarke (2003) have pointed out, satellite imagery and remote sensing could be used to achieve a number of things, including the understanding of the complexities, and the secrets of different spatial layouts (Ferreira, 2017). Understanding these spatial layouts can lead one to understand a number of facts about the country, city, region, state, town, etc. that is being researched (Engstrom, Hersh, & Newhouse, 2016). For example, the researchers would be able to find out about the differences between the areas in that specific place and how both areas are kept apart or segregated from each other (Engstrom, 2018). This can be achieved through determining whether the place has old or new buildings, whether industrialization is developed, how many resources that area has, and many more characteristics.

Engstrom mentioned that satellite data is a very rich field for research and exploration and its helping in mapping of poverty (2018). In addition, Engstrom and others asserted the value of satellite imagery to help governments and stakeholders to eliminate the poverty (Engstrom et al., 2016). Although all countries do not conduct surveys on poverty data on social and economic measures, population density, living conditions, and economic activities. This is not for developed countries, but for developing countries, which is useful for efforts to reduce poverty however the researchers can identify the poverty by using satellite data (Elvidge et al., 2009).

This can be achieved through determining whether the place has old or new buildings, whether industrialization is developed, how many resources that area has, and many more characteristics. As Hansen, DeFries, Townshend, and Sohlberg (2000) have made apparent in their study, studying about a place through the means of remote sensing can garner very much information about a place for the researchers (Elvidge et al., 2009). Many spatial understanding techniques can be utilized and implemented in order to figure out the many complexities and the secrets of a certain place and the way things are classified there with the help of satellite imagery and information (Jean et al., 2016). Satellite imagery and digital satellite information can help determine a number of things about places through remote sensing: the classification of low income and high-income areas, classification of underdeveloped and developed areas, forestation and cities in areas, and the urbanization of the areas (Morikawa, 2014). Geographical researchers and spatial analysts have found satellite imagery and digital satellite information to be a very useful tool (Champion, 1999). This tool can help professionals to identify the many complexities of different places in areas (Steele et al., 2017).