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Project Management Skills in Sports Event Management

of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................2

Background and Specific Literature..........................................................................................2

Aims and Objectives of the study .............................................................................................2

Research Objectives .............................................................................................................2

Research Questions .................................................................................................................3

Research Gap...........................................................................................................................3

Conceptual framework ............................................................................................................4

Methodology ..............................................................................................................................4

Philosophical Position ..............................................................................................................4

Overall Research Methodology ................................................................................................6

Sampling Method ....................................................................................................................6

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Data Collection Procedure .......................................................................................................6

Data analysis ...........................................................................................................................7

Research Hypothesis................................................................................................................7

Critical Evaluation .......................................................................................................................7

References ..................................................................................................................................9

Appendix 1: Summary of references used in the study ..............................................................10

Appendix 2: List of questions to be used in the study ................................................................12

Introduction

Background and Specific Literature Project management refers to a set of skills required when undertaking a project to ensure that the project is successful in meeting the set objectives and goals for the project during the implementation stage. Just like other organizations, sports management also requires project management skills, especially in the planning and implementation of sporting events (Mallen, & Adams, 2017). Major sporting world events like the Olympics and the world cup normally require a lot of strategic planning, including logistics, hosting venues, gaming officials, players, fans, among many other stakeholders who help in making the event a success (Cucui, & Cucui, 2016). Today sporting events are more of business with sporting events such as world championships, bringing in huge profits. Considering the importance of sporting events to both the sports fans and also huge economic gains related to sporting events, there is a need for using project management strategies to maximize the chances of success for the event.

Aims and Objectives of the study The primary aim of this research project is to evaluate if the use of project management skills influences the success rate of sporting events. In this study, we are going to evaluate how the use of the following project management skills Risk management, Leadership, Cost control, Scheduling, and how they influence the success rate of holding sporting events.

Research Objectives 1. Identify the relationship between the success rate of a sporting event and the use of risk

management skills in the planning and execution of the event. 2. Identify the relationship between the success rate of a sporting event and the use of

leadership skills in the planning and execution of the event. 3. Identify the relationship between the success rate of holding a sporting event and the use

of cost control skills in the planning and execution of the event. 4. Identify the relationship between the success rate of holding a sporting event and the use

of scheduling skills in the planning and execution of the event.

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Research Questions RQ1: Does the use of good leadership skills in event sport management significantly influence the success rate of the event?

RQ2: Does the use of good risk management skills in event sport management significantly influence the success rate of the event?

RQ3: Does the use of good cost control skills in event sport management significantly influence the success rate of the event?

RQ4: Does the use of good scheduling skills in event sport management significantly influence the success rate of the event?

Research Gap The success of a sporting event will vary to the set objective of the sporting event (Kirby, Duignan, & McGillivray, 2018). From previous research on major sporting events held across different parts of the world, the use of project management skills is evident, which ensures that most of these events meet the desired objectives and keep the fans wanting more creating business for a later time. However, the research does not consider how the use of project management skills may impact sporting events.

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Conceptual framework

Figure 1: Conceptual model for the study

Methodology

Philosophical Position Competition sporting events are the most common sporting occasions, and it usually comprises of smaller events within the major event. For example, a league cup in football where a certain number of teams play each other and gain points from winning. The winner is normally crowned after all teams have played together and the team with the highest points is the winner. Tournament events are also very popular but do not normally take as much time as competitive sporting events. An example of a tournament is an athletic sporting such as a marathon event held to raise funds for a cause. Both types of sporting events are different in planning due to the different objectives for the sporting events. In competition, more planning and resources may be required since it might be longer as compared to a tournament event (Ryan, 2016). However, borrowing from sports management, the general overview of the planning and implementation of both sporting events is almost similar, though the two sporting events may have different goals

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and objectives. The success of an event is also defined using different variables, including time, cost, and also the quality of the event.

However, due to the great expectations on major sporting events project management defines the success of a sporting event since some sporting events require to hold over a long period and others will likely cost more as compared to others hence the success of the sporting events can be measured by the quality of the event and also management tools used to deliver the event (Greenwell, Danzey-Bussell, & Shonk, 2019). In project management, the focus is on team building to ensure that every stakeholder in the project is aware of their role, and they are in a position to operate in that role in a timely and accurate manner to ensure the success of the project (Holmes, Nichols, & Ralston, 2018). According to publications of use of project management in organizations indicate that for the process to be effective, there must be effective leadership from the management and also effective communication to all the stakeholders in the project.

According to research conducted by Emery (2009) found that project management skills play an important role in the success of the event, in this study he defined sport event management as a rife and when it is mismanaged it will lead to crowd unrest with issues rising from ticketing problems, venue issues, financial problems, and many others (Emery, 2017). In some cases, the problem is so big that there is a need for outside intervention like police officers employed to break down unruly crowds who are not happy with the event. The need to ensure the success of both local and global events the discipline has led to the emergence of the event management discipline, which employs the use of project management skills to ensure the success of both types of projects (Kirby, & Crabb, 2019). Project management takes sport management as a business and categorizes the industry into three categories; consumers of sports projects, sports, and products and behind the scenes sports projects. It also gives the organization a corporate look where the participants are regarded as the employees, and the spectators are regarded as consumers.

In sports management, there are three types of sporting events; sports project event, project performance optimization, and project new; all these sporting events have different goals and objectives. The goal of holding a sports project event is for the event to be a success; it is normally a one-time thing or periodical event that happens after a certain amount of time has elapsed. In most cases, event as a sports project does not comprise of sub-projects within the main event project. In the project performance optimization sports project, the goal is to improve the performance or the quality of the sport (Abson, 2017). In most cases, these types of sporting events project the goal is to improve the performance and also enhance the player/athlete and also the whole sport in general.

The primary goal of holding a new sporting project is to introduce something new in the game or the sport, maybe a new competition, however, the new event normally borrows from an already established sports organization. All the types of sporting have different characteristics due to different objectives and goals of the events; however, most of the project management skills employed to all three are almost the same, including research, planning, implementation, and closure of the events (Hwang, Shan, Zhu, & Lim, 2018). Project management skills stress on

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the use of research, which helps in identifying problems that may arise during the implementation process of the project.

During the initiation process, the team gathers information about how similar projects have been carried out, both successful and unsuccessful projects. The team then evaluates how well the project can be achieved, minimizing chances of failure; in most cases, time and resources play a big role in the success of a sporting event (Wallace & Kilili, 2018). Hence during data collection, the team also evaluates the different ways in which other projects raised money through sponsorship. Sporting events greatly rely on sponsors to achieve the set objective for the project. Findings from the data evaluation are then used in the planning process.

Overall Research Methodology In this research study, a quantitative resign design will be adopted as the main research method. A quantitative research design employs numerical methods in both data collection and data analysis. Due to the financial constraints, the study will be carried out within the local setting with interviews from some identified managers belong to sports organization. The study aims at evaluating how project management's skills impact the success rate of holding sporting events in the community.

Sampling Method Participants in the study will be drawn from being drawn from project sports managers, using simple random sampling. Simple random sampling is a probabilistic sampling method that assumes that all participants in the target population have an equal probability of being selected to be in the sample size; thus, all sports management personnel have an equal chance of being selected in the sample size.

Data Collection Procedure The study will be based on primary data collected during the research activity procedure. The study procedure requires all the participants to given their opinions on different sporting events that were organized and carried out in different parts around the world. It will include the four stages of strategic planning of a sporting event, including the initiation process, planning process, implementation process, monitoring process, and the closure of the event process for each project. Afterward, participants will be asked to answer questions on how they feel about the success of sporting events. The respondents will also be asked questions on the use of project management skills. These skills include risk management, leadership, cost control, and scheduling during the planning and execution of sports events. The four events include different tournaments and competitive sporting events, each consists of a sporting event that failed and an event that was a success. Demographic data will also be collected for all participants in the study.

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Data analysis Empirical data analysis will be carried out to evaluate the relationship between project management and hosting and management of sporting events. The analysis will involve both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics will comprise of measures of central tendency and also frequency analysis, while inferential statistics will include bivariate correlation analysis and binary logistic regression. Results will be reported in summary tables and graphs, the variables of interest for the study include success rate and use of project management skills in planning sporting events.

Research Hypothesis H1: Good risk management skills positively impacts the success rate of holding sporting events.

H2: Good leadership skills, as described in project management, positively impacts the success rate of holding sporting events.

H3: Good cost control skills borrowed from project management positively impacts the success rate of holding sporting events.

H4: Good scheduling skills, as borrowed from project management, positively impacts the success rate of holding sporting events.

Critical Evaluation Carrying out this research study will be beneficial to all the students who take part in this course as it will be useful for them in future studies as a roadmap for the evaluation of the role of project management skills in sports events management. The study is also meant to help sports events managers and other individuals comprehend the role played by using project management skills in planning and execution of local sporting events. The study also gives students examples of real-life sporting events that have been conducted and their success rate. In terms of the design of the statistical study, rules will be applied, including estimation of sample size, data collection, data analysis, and also drawing and reporting of the information obtained from the data (Page & Flanagin, 2017). The study will also employ research ethics that will ensure that all the rights of the respondents are not violated during the study. Participants will also be recruited voluntarily and privacy will be guaranteed all through the study process.

The research employs quantitative research methods, which include the use of numeric data, which is easy to correct and also easy to handle in the analysis as compared to qualitative data. Quantitative research methods normally take less time, since the data collection can be done electronically, thus allowing for many respondents to take the survey at the same time. Quantitative also allows for creating a large sample size giving more study observations as compared to other research methods such as qualitative data where focus discussions hold a maximum of five respondents for every focus discussion (Knotz & Lindvall, 2019). In this research study, the quantitative data collection method employed is probabilistic to ensure randomization during data collection.

The use of randomness helps in the reduction of error, which increases the credibility of the information obtained from the collected data. Personal bias is a simple random sampling like

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the one employed in this research study removes personal/human bias during the determination of the sample size since all the participants in the target population have the same probability for being selected to be in the sample size (Sousa, Lima & Martins, 2016). The use of quantitative methods also removes duplication errors. Variables that will be used in this research study are Likert scales with a range of 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree, and a respondent can only pick one of the choices. The questions to be used in data collection are all closed questions, thus ensuring reducing error and also ambiguous answers that would not be used to achieve the set objective of the study (Taguchi, 2018).

The quantitative use methods allow for the formulation of other measures that will be used in the analysis. During analysis, a 10 item Likert questions for evaluating the success rate of the different sports events in the study, will be used to compute an overall success rate index which will be used in the predictive analysis. The use of project management skills in event management evaluated by an 8 item Likert scale questions will be computed to give the overall use of project management skills in event organization and execution, which will be used in the predictive analysis of success and failure of organizing sports events. During data analysis reliability test will be carried out to evaluate how well the data fit for all the variables computed using the Likert scales. Though all this is made possible because of using a quantitative research design, the design also has its disadvantages, and the biggest one is that quantitative methods do not answer all the research questions such as why and what.

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References Abson, E. (2017). How Event Managers Lead: applying competency school theory to event management. Event Management, 21(4), 403-419.

Cucui, G. G., & Cucui, I. A. (2016). Event Management Process within the Sports Structures. In World LUMEN Congress.

Emery, P. (2017). The bidders’ and promoters’ perspectives. In Routledge handbook of sports event management (pp. 39-60). Routledge.

Greenwell, T. C., Danzey-Bussell, L. A., & Shonk, D. J. (2019). Managing sports events. Human Kinetics.

Holmes, K., Nichols, G., & Ralston, R. (2018). It's a Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience and Opportunity—Deal with it! Volunteer Perceptions of the Management of the Volunteer Experience at the London 2012 Olympic Games. Event Management, 22(3), 389-403.

Hwang, B. G., Shan, M., Zhu, L., & Lim, W. C. (2018). Cost control in megaprojects: efficacy, tools and techniques, key knowledge areas, and project comparisons. International Journal of Construction Management, 1-13.

Kirby, S. I., & Crabb, L. A. (2019). Priming Host City Physical Legacy Plans: The Bidding Chronicles of Brazil's Derailed Sporting Event Infrastructure Projects. Event Management, 23(4), 627-640. Kirby, S. I., Duignan, M. B., & McGillivray, D. (2018). Mega-Sport Events, Micro and Small Business Leveraging: Introducing the. Event Management, 22(6), 917-931. Knotz, C., & Lindvall, J. (2019). Using Quantitative Methods to Study Welfare State Reforms. SAGE Publications Ltd.

Mallen, C., & Adams, L. J. (Eds.). (2017). Event management in sport, recreation, and tourism: theoretical and practical dimensions. Taylor & Francis.

Page Hocevar, K., & Flanagin, A. J. (2017). Online research methods, quantitative. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, 1-8.

Ryan, W. G. (2016). How do you "do" event management education (EME)? A case study of event management for higher education awards. Event Management, 20(1), 69-80. Sousa, M. J., Lima, F., & Martins, J. (2016). Project Management in 2016 Olympic Games. In New Advances in Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 511-521). Springer, Cham. Taguchi, N. (2018). Description and explanation of pragmatic development: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. System, 75, 23-32.

Wallace, M., & Kilili, R. (2018). Examining the Sports Tourism Infrastructure in Two Major Cities of Northern Cyprus.

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Appendix 1: Summary of references used in the study

Sources to be used in the study Aims and Objectives Topics to be discussed

Abson, E. (2017). How Event Managers Lead: applying competency school theory to event management. Event Management, 21(4), 403-419.

Project management skills employed in event management

Risk management, Leadership, Cost control, Scheduling

Cucui, G. G., & Cucui, I. A. (2016). Event Management Process within the Sports Structures. In World LUMEN Congress.

Overview of event management in sports

Types of sports events, Tournaments, competitive sports

Emery, P. (2017). The bidders’ and promoters’ perspectives. In Routledge handbook of sports event management (pp. 39-60). Routledge. Events sports management

Mega sports events and small sports events

Greenwell, T. C., Danzey-Bussell, L. A., & Shonk, D. J. (2019). Managing sports events. Human Kinetics. Managing sports events

Financing, leadership, sponsors in sports event management

Mega sports events and small sports events

Project management in sports event planning

Risk management in sports event management

Impacts of project management on sport event planning

Kirby, S. I., Duignan, M. B., & McGillivray, D. (2018). Mega-Sport Events, Micro and Small Business Leveraging: Introducing the. Event Management, 22(6), 917-931. Events sports management

Impacts of project management on sport event planning

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Knotz, C., & Lindvall, J. (2019). Using Quantitative Methods to Study Welfare State Reforms. SAGE Publications Ltd.

Quantitative Research methods

Sampling techniques, simple random sampling

Mallen, C., & Adams, L. J. (Eds.). (2017). Event management in sport, recreation, and tourism: theoretical and practical dimensions. Taylor & Francis.

Project management in sports event planning

Cost control, scheduling, and communication as used in event management

Page Hocevar, K., & Flanagin, A. J. (2017). Online research methods, quantitative. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, 1-8. Research methods

Data collection process, use of questionnaires in data collection

Ryan, W. G. (2016). How do you "do" event management education (EME)? A case study of event management for higher education awards. Event Management, 20(1), 69-80. Event management

Risk management in sports event management

Sousa, M. J., Lima, F., & Martins, J. (2016). Project Management in 2016 Olympic Games. In New Advances in Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 511-521). Springer, Cham.

Project management in sports event planning

Mega sports events and small sports events

Taguchi, N. (2018). Description and explanation of pragmatic development: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. System, 75, 23-32. Quantitative Research

methods

Probabilistic and non- probabilistic research designs

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Appendix 2: List of questions to be used in the study

Demographic Questions

What is your age?

What is your gender?

Level of education?

What is your profession?

What sports events do you manage?

How many years have you been a manager?

Interview Questions

What are the day to day duties of a sports event management position?

What do you like/dislike about the management of sports?

When is an event considered a success or failure?

Respondent's perception of risk management skills as used in sport events

Respondent's perception of leadership skills as used in sport events

Respondent's perception of cost control skills as used in sport events

Respondent's perception of scheduling skills as used in sport events

Respondent's perception of the general management of sport events

Why do prefer to manage the sports events you are currently engaged in?

What recommendations would you make to managers of sports events?

What skills make you stand out as a manager?

Do you think the success of sports events is reliant on project management skills?

What have you learned over years in sports event management?

What is the best project management skill needed for the success of sport events?