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Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Apply creative-thinking and problem-solving theories to real-world situations. 2.1. Explain how innovative business leaders can use the concepts of creativity to encourage employees to adopt innovative work behaviors.

Reading Assignment

Chapter 2: Establish a Foundation

Chapter 4: Be a Critical Reader, Listener, and Viewer

Using an Online Library, locate and read the following article about the theories of creativity. It can be found in the Academic Search Complete database.

Magno, C. (2009). Explaining the creative mind. International Journal Of Research & Review, 3, 10-19.

Unit Lesson

Creative-Thinking Theories and Concepts

Unit II provides an overview of key theories and concepts that help to explain the creative-thinking process. These concepts provide criteria that you can rely on throughout the course to support the creative-thinking strategies you employ as you develop your projects.

Unit Overview

In Chapter 2 and Chapter 4 of your course textbook, Ruggiero presents an overview of the theoretical foundations for creative-thinking theories and concepts. The discussion illustrates why the thinking process is so complex, and it highlights some challenges you might face during the decision-making process. Key concepts are discussed below:

Is truth relative?: Ruggiero (2015) describes how our knowledge can change while the "truth" does not; as new information becomes available, our perceptions and our collective understanding about people, places, events, and issues evolve. Our knowledge about the world does not remain static. Ruggiero (2015) uses the example of a new species of fish that was discovered in the Pacific Ocean. The fish always existed, but we did not have knowledge of it prior to the discovery. The “truth” about the fish remained the same, and "only our knowledge of it changed" (Ruggiero, 2015, p. 26).

How do we know what we know?: Ruggiero (2015, pp. 28-29) describes three ways of knowing:

1. Experience: Each day, you gain knowledge and gather information through first-hand experience.

2. Observation: You also watch the behaviors and actions of others to gain knowledge.

3. Report: You garner information from a variety of reported sources each day, whether from personal reports presented by friends, family members, coworkers, and others you interact with directly, as well as through formal reports distributed through newspapers, magazines, and postings on the Internet.

In each case, the information gathered through experience, observation, or reports might not be complete or accurate, because the information is being filtered through people who bring their own perceptions and beliefs to the issue.

How accurately do we remember?: Once we are exposed to information, there is the challenge of accurately recalling the information. When we draw on what we have learned through experience, observation, or reports, we might not remember the information exactly as it was presented. Many factors can influence how well we remember, including internal "noise" or distractions, as well as external interference with the message. Using the example that eyewitness testimony in criminal trials is sometimes found to be unreliable, Ruggiero (2015) demonstrates that information can be distorted unintentionally: the eyewitnesses believe they are recalling the information correctly, but their memory of events is often incomplete or inaccurate. You might have even experienced this yourself: People who return to their childhood hometown, for instance, often discover that things look very different than expected. As your perception changes, your interpretation of people, places, and events can change as well.

To help evaluate the information you are presented with, Ruggiero (2015) poses several strategies, including distinguishing fact vs. interpretation, and literal vs. ironic statements (pp. 69-71). He also advises a five-step critical reading process to help make these important distinctions:

1. Skim the work to get an overview of the ideas presented;

2. Reflect on your views about the issues presented, and become aware of any bias you might hold;

3. Read the work carefully to comprehend the author's point of view and purpose;

4. Evaluate what you have read and begin to form judgments about the information presented; and

5. Express your judgment and consider where you agree or disagree, and why.

References

Magno, C. (2009). Explaining the creative mind. International Journal of Research & Review, 3, 10-19.

Ruggiero, V. R. (2015). The art of thinking: A guide to critical and creative thought (11th ed.). New York, NY: Longman.