Personal Computer Primary Sources
commodore
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the PET keyboard
The PET keyboard consists of 73 keys. There are the usual alphanumerics
(A-Z and 0-9) found on typewriters and calculators and many computers.
But the PET has something more: 64 graphic characters. The graphics can
be used for plots, for fun and games, or for artwork.
There are also special screen and keyboard control keys which allow the
moving of the cursor in four directions, the reversing of characters and
background, the inserting and deleting of characters. Shift keys and a
run/stop key are also provided to facilitiate keyboard operations.
By the use of a POKE command lower case letters are obtained instead of the graphic symbols above the capital letter keys.
specifications Dimensions: 16!4" wide by
18%" deep. 14" overall height.
Weight: 44lbs
MEMORY Random Access Memory (user
memory): 8K included. Expandable to 32K bytes externally.
Read Only Memory (operating system resident in the computer): 13K bytes
8K BASIC interpreter 4K — Operating system IK — Diagnostic routine
VIDEO DISPLAY UNIT 9" enclosed, black and white,
high-resolution CRT 1000 character display, arranged
40 columns by 25 lines 8x8 dot matrix for characters
and continuous graphics Automatic scrolling from bottom
of screen Winking cursor with full motion
control
Reverse field on all characters (white on black or black on white
64 standard ASCII characters; 64 graphic characters
KEYBOARD
9 1/2" wide x 3" deep; 73 keys All 64 ASCII characters available
without shift. Calculator style
numeric key pad All 64 graphic and reverse field
characters accessible from keyboard (with shift)
Screen Control: Clear and erase Editing: Character insertion and
deletion
CASSETTE STORAGE Fast Commodore designed
redundant-recording scheme, assuring reliable data recovery
Cassette drive modified by Commodore for much higher reliability of recording and record retention
High noise immunity, error detection, and correction
Uses standard audio cassette tapes
Tape files, named
OPERATING SYSTEM Machine language accessibility File management in operating
system
Cursor control, reverse field, and graphics under simple BASIC control
Cassette file management from BASIC
Pseudo random number Generator
INPUT/OUTPUT
All other I/O supported through
IEEE-488 instrument interface
which allows for multiple intelligent peripherals
All I/O automatically managed by operating system software
Single character I/O with GET command
Easy screen line-edit capability
Flexible I/O structure allows for
BASIC expansion with intelligent peripherals
BASIC INTERPRETER
Expanded 8K BASIC; 20% faster than most other 8K BASICS
Upward expansion from current popular BASIC language
Strings, integers and multiple dimension arrays
10 significant digits; floating point
numbers Direct memory access through
PEEK and POKE commands
commodore basic
The fastest full floating-point BASIC implemented
on a micro-computer. Allows communication
directly from BASIC to IEEE-488 standard devices,
cassettes, display, and keyboard built into PET.
Accurately built-in clock is settable and readable
from BASIC in decimal or string value. Full command set, including:
Basic Arithmetic Statements
Standard Dartmouth BASIC Statements
LET READ PRINT DATA IF THEN FOR NEXT DIM END GOTO
Extended BASIC Statements RESTORE REM GET GOSUB RETURN STOP STEP INPUT ON . . .GOTO ON. . .GOSUB
DEF FN
Scientific Functions
SGN INT ABS SQR RND SIN COS TAN ATN LOG EXP TV
Logical Operators
AND OR NOT
Operation Commands RUN NEW CLR LIST CONT FRE
Formating Functions
TAB POS SPC
Machine Level Statements
PEEK POKE Allow the user to examine and store at specific
memory locations.
USR SYS Link BASIC to machine language subroutines with parameter passing or developemental subsystems.
WAIT Monitors status of a memory location such as an
I/O port until specified bits are set.
The screen writing rate is 1000 characters per
second.
String Functions
LEFTS RIGHTS MIDS Returns substrings lof specified length and
position) of string acted upon.
CHRS ASC CHRS returns a character, given a numeric code. ASC returns a numeric code corresponding to a character.
LEN Returns the length of a string.
VAL STRS Convert decimal values to numeric strings an
vice- versa.
Extended I/O Statements
OPEN CLOSE Control association of a logical file number to
physical device, and optionally, a file on the
device.
SAVE LOAD VERIFY Store and retrieve a program, with optional file
name, on a physical device. Load allows for
program overlay, VERIFY compares contents of
memory to stored program.
PRINTS INPUTS GETtf Allow communication with logical device numbers
other than keyboard or screen. GEJit inputs one
character.
CMD Permits communication with multiple devices
simultaneously.
Example of I/O Operations
Tape-to-tape file copy 10 OPEN 5,1,0, "OLD FILE" 15 POKE 243, 58: POKE 244, 3 20 OPEN 6,2,1, "NEW FILE" 30 INPUT #5, AS 40 IF (STI AND 64 GO TO 70 50 PRINT #6, AS 60 GO TO 30 70 CLOSE 5 80 CLOSE 6
Program locates "OLD FILE" on tape it 1, writes file header for "NEW FILE" on tape #2, then copies tape it 1 to it2 until it encounters an EOF on it], and then writes an EOF on til.
Variables
TYPES: NAMES:
Real Integer (%) String
Variable names are uniquely given as a letter or a letter
followed by a letter or a digit.
:sj
Special variables
Tl TIS Time of day ST Status word for I/O operations.
software and documentation
The inclusion of 8K of extended
BASIC in ROM means there are a large number of existing programs that can readily be
adapted for use with the PET. In
addition Commodore has established its own Program Library which is being added to on a monthly basis. These are
being issued on cassettes and
include Scientific. Financial,
Business, Educational and Game
packages. Personalised
programming is not undertaken
by Commodore but is available from many Authorised Dealers,
software houses and freelance
programmers. Commodore's
BASIC is comprehensive and easily learnt for writing one's own programs.
An introductory and a Main Users
Handbook are included as standard documentation. Also
available are the highly praised
hardware and Programming
manuals on our own MOS Technology 6500 microprocessor
— used at the heart of both the pet computer an our KIM microprocessor system. These
will aid the more sophisticated
users.
The U.K. PET Users Club also produces regular newsletters
covering such topics as
applications, software hints and
program information. The rapid
acceptance and acclaim of PET
by industry professionals means it
is becoming an industry standard ensuring further software
availability from many external
sources.
Cr commodore
further
expansion
The IEEE-488 Interface
Expansion is one of the prime
design concepts of the PET. The
IEEE-488 (HP-IB) interface built
into the PET allows for multi- ple intelligent peripherals lup
to 15 devices). A list of many compatible devices is included in
the User's Handbook,
A Floppy Disc and Modem
Commodore has both of these under development for inclusion
in its own PET range of products. Also planned are memory expansion units. It should be
noted that PET's design does not preclude the use of other
company's peripherals.
An RS 232 Interface
This is not supplied by
Commodore as PET peripherals are planned as plug compatible
with the PET itself. IEEE-488 to RS 232 interfaces may be obtained from other suppliers.
This means further add-ons can
be used in conjunction with PET — in particular many common printers and modems.
Expanding to a Much Larger System
The PET computer is an extremely versatile and
expandable base for much larger systems than the self-contained
PET itself. It can, in fact, be used as a front end processor, in several languages, for linking to a
mainframe computer.
connections
to the outside world Available at the back and sides of
the PET 2001 computer are four
edge card connectors. These are
to the built-in IEEE-488 interface
(HP-IB), the 8 bit user port
with two extra handshake lines,
the second cassette interface and
the memory expansion
connection.
some application areas for PET For the Commercial User
The Commodore PET offers the commercial user for the first time
a really cost effective business
computer. The speed of the PET plus its well-known BASIC language enable it to be used
efficiently for:
Trend Analysis
Stock Control
Payroll
Invoicing
Inventory Control
Amortization Calculations, etc.
Commodore will be introducing a floppy disc data and program
storage system and a printer,
allowing the user to store and retrieve thousands of pieces of
information in seconds, and produce printed results. Lower
case letters are available, making
PET ideal for producing form letters.
For the Scientist and the Laboratory
The PET has a comprehensive set of scientific functions useful to
scientists, engineers and industry.
The IEEE-488 Interface (HP-IB) is
directly compatible with hundreds
of laboratory instruments such as
DVM's, synthesisers, auto
analysers, data-loggers, etc. The
PET also has a general purpose 8 bit plus 2 control bit I/O port for
general interfacing. This last
feature makes the PET an ideal
industrial and commercial
controller. Direct access to
machine code allows special I/O
routines to be easily written.
For the Educational World
The PET's applications in the educational field are numerous.
The extensive BASIC language and the file by name cassette program storage facilities make the PET an ideal tool for teaching computer programming.
Programs can be written to
"tutor" the user (pupil) in almost
any discipline, including BASIC itself. And. of course, the PET can be used to take care of
school records, exam results, attendance figures, etc.
the PET 2nd cassette deck The PET second cassette deck
plugs directly into the PET 2001 computer adding further
capability to the basic PET system. Stopping and starting of
the motor can again be done
under program control. All the
features of the built-in cassette
deck are in this unit including the
specially designed electronics.
the PET2020 printer
Designed specifically to go with
the Pet 2001 computer and make full use of its extensive capability
is the PET 2020 printer. The PET 2020 is an 80 column, 7x8 needle matrix impact printer
which again demonstrates Commodore's continued oustanding value for money policy and technical expertise.
The printer works on plain paper
and is capable of producing
carbon copies. In addition such
items as individual sheets (e.g.
headed notepaper) and address
labels can be used as alternatives
to plain paper rolls when desired.
The PET 2020 printer is IEEE-488 compatible and plugs directly into
the PET 2001 computer. As well
as the ability to print the full PET computer graphics, including
reverse and lower case, the PET printer will also print double
width capital letters for such uses
as document headings. The
average speed of the printer is 50
characters per second. The paper
is pinch roller fed and is 8'/£"
wide.
The PET 2020 printer contains its own microprocessor and is capable of accepting format
statements under program control
— having memorised these
statements the printer will
automatically format incoming
information on the printed page, e.g. it can automatically insert
leading zeros and round to fixed
decimal places for stock
numbering and financial
statements.
(Planned availability: First quarter
1979)
this is an example
THIS IS THE NEW REIT PRINTER Can Print Both UPPer And Louer Case Characters As Hell As X/NHr IS A 80 COLUMN POT MATRIX PRINTER WITH 36 DIFFERENT CHARACTERS 3ABCDEFGHIJKLHN0PGRSTUVMXVZC\Jt<- ! "M'/A '(>*+,- ./0123456739 : ;C=>? -I—--| h w LVnt-tl #M 14-M IW1 l-"~J U ±T ItiS-r'-rfll l""""--k "-"fc -abcdef9hiJklmrioP°irstuvwKyz-tf I4« ! J33 U£lh — r ill i/l
Commodore's philosophy
Commodori> (CBM) has been in business for over 21 years during
which lime H has established
an enviable reputation for
outstanding value and innovation — none better illustrated than by the PET 2001 computer. Already recognised as a loader in
advanced consumer electronics
Commodore has further increased its worldwide technical resources.
These now include in house microprocessor technology and production through its own Mos Technology subsidiary.
These special strengths have
been combined to produce a truly outstanding product - the PET 2001 computer. A personal computer that operates anywhere
by simply plugging into the
mains. An e*tremoly powerful self contained tool at the
command of its owner yet capable of even further
expansion.
Quite portable, very affordable
and unbelievably versatile, the
PET 2001 computer may well be a lifetime investment.
Commodore Systems Division, 360 Euston Road.
London NW1 3BL 01 388 5702
Authorised Dealer
COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES IUKI LTD. Reg. Office: Industrial Estate. Eaglosdiffe. Stockton-on-Tees. Cleveland TS16 0PN