PV5
Chapter 7
Lifespan Development
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Infancy
Gender Differences in Infant Behavior
Similarities
Physical activity
Girls better
Boys catch up
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Male and female infants display equal amounts of sociability, shyness, soothability, and adaptability and do not differ. Boys and girls also do not differ in how intense their moods are or how easy or difficult they are to care for.
Small but consistent gender difference with more physically active male infants.
Girls display better inhibitory control, regulation of their attention, show greater perceptual sensitivity and awareness of subtle changes in the environment.
Boys eventually catch up to girls and the differences become negligible.
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Infancy
Adults’ Treatment of Infants
Different expectations
Physical activity
Girls better
Boys catch up
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Male and female infants display equal amounts of sociability, shyness, soothability, and adaptability and do not differ. Boys and girls also do not differ in how intense their moods are or how easy or difficult they are to care for.
Small but consistent gender difference with more physically active male infants.
Girls display better inhibitory control, regulation of their attention, show greater perceptual sensitivity and awareness of subtle changes in the environment.
Boys eventually catch up to girls and the differences become negligible.
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Infancy
Gender Learning in Infancy
Gender categories learned early
Habituation paradigm
Preferential looking paradigm
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Infancy
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Research by Anne Fausto-Sterling and her colleagues (2015) indicates that mothers touch their infant sons more than their infant daughters and in different ways.
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Childhood
Gender Differences in Child Behavior
Gender differences
Gender-typed toys
Same-gender playmates
Aggressive
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Boys are more aggressive than girls, persists throughout the school years.
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Childhood
Gender Learning in Childhood
Gender constancy
Gender identity
Gender stability
Appearance rigidity
Gender consistency
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Gender constancy—the understanding that gender is a stable and consistent part of oneself. Develops in three stages (Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental).
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Childhood
Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Child Development
Gender dysphoria
Social conflicts
Trans-affirmative practice
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Trans-affirmative practice (also called gender-affirming care) is care that is respectful, aware, and supportive of the identities and life experiences of transgender and gender nonconforming people.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Childhood
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Much more research with gender nonconforming children is needed in order to support their
development and well-being.
Studies suggests:
Transgender children were indistinguishable from two groups of cisgender children when matched on gender identity.
Not all gender nonconforming children will go on developing with a gender identity that doesn’t match their gender assigned at birth.
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Childhood
From Gender Identity to Gender Roles: Self-Socialization
Gender self-socialization model
Stereotype emulation
Identity construction
Culture
Gender discrimination
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Gender self-socialization model--children’s gender identity, their gender stereotypes and their gender self-perceptions all influence each other.
Stereotype emulation; the more that children identify with their gender, the more they view themselves as having the qualities specified by stereotypes about their gender.
Identity construction; the more children engage in gender-stereotyped activities, the more identified with their own gender they become.
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Childhood
Gender Role Socialization
Parents
Channeling
Differential treatment
Direct instruction
Modeling
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Channeling parents create a gendered world for their child.
Differential treatment, parents behave differently toward sons compared with daughters.
Direct instruction--parents telling children how they should behave.
Modeling behaviors for their children.
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Childhood
Gender Role Socialization
Talk and play
Ethnic variation
School
Media
Stereotype-inconsistent behavior
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Parents talk and play differently with their daughters compared with their sons.
Stereotype-inconsistent behavior is far less tolerated for boys than it is for girls.
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Childhood
Peers and the Gender Segregation Effect
Boy’s play
Girl’s play
Gender segregation
When children play alone
Sexual attraction
Mixed-gender groups
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Boy’s play: Rough and involves risk, confrontation, striving for dominance, seeking autonomy, testing the limits
Girl’s play: Conflict-reducing strategies, more self-disclosure and maintain communication with adults
Much of the gender segregation of results from forces within the child.
When children play alone, gender differences in behavior are minimal.
Sexual attraction bring the sexes together in adulthood.
Schools could take steps to ensure that children have multiple experiences of working cooperatively in mixed-gender groups in the classroom.
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Childhood
The Sexualization of Girls
Culture
Family, friends, teachers, or adults
Reduce self-esteem
Cognitive performance
Career aspirations
Media literacy training programs
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Adolescence
Puberty for Cisgender and Transgender Youth
Pubertal changes
Boys
Masculine ideal
Girls
Feminine ideal
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Adolescence
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In early adolescence, gender intensification occurs and girls learn that their status will be determined by their attractiveness, not their achievements.
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Adolescence
Identity Development
Gender differences
Identity crisis (boys)
Identity suspension (girls)
Interpersonal identity
Autonomous identity
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Girls and women define their identities more in interpersonal terms.
Adolescent girls develop both an interpersonal and an autonomous identity, boys’ development focuses mainly on autonomous identity.
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Adolescence
Friendship and Dating
Girls
Talk and self disclose
Boys
Sports and leisure activities
Dating
Appearance and athleticism
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Boys and girls are similar in honesty, straightforwardness, mutual activities, and loyalty.
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Adolescence
Peer Sexual Harassment in the Schools
Gender differences
School climate
Gender nonconforming
Sexual minority adolescents
Development and well-being
Unreported incidents
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Girls report more harassment and being negatively affected by harassment.
Gender nonconforming and sexual minority adolescents experience especially high rates of peer sexual harassment.
Peer sexual harassment is a threat to adolescent development and well-being.
Majority of incidents went unreported to the schools.
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Adolescence
Body Dissatisfaction
Body esteem
Normative discontent
Unhealthy behaviors
Media
Ethnic differences
Trans and nonbinary women
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
White, Latina, and Asian American women generally express more weight concern compared with Black women, who express less.
Trans and nonbinary women experience pressure to adhere to the feminine beauty standard and experiencing cisgenderist harassment and discrimination.
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Emerging Adulthood
U.S. and Western nations
Late teens through early 20s
Marriage is delayed
Self-focused exploration of career or work
Intimate relationships
Financial independence
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Adulthood
Gender and Work
Romantic Relationships and Marriage
Heterosexual marriage
Health benefits
Quality of marriage
Decision making
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Adulthood
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Adulthood
Divorce
Psychological and physical well-being
Ethnic differences
Beneficial end
Economic consequences
Role strain and overload
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Adulthood
Single Women
Ethnic variations
Freedom, self-sufficiency, and competence
When satisfied
Satisfying employment
Connections
Strong network
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Women who are satisfied by long-term single status tend to have
a) Satisfying employment that provides economic independence.
b) Connections to the next generation through extended family or by mentoring younger people.
c) A strong network of family and friends who provide support.
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Adulthood
Motherhood
Delayed childbearing
Motherhood mandate
Mother wars
Child-free or voluntary childlessness
Infertility
Empty nest
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Motherhood mandate--Motherhood is so basic an assumption of the female role that it is easy to forget that society pressures women to be mothers.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Adulthood
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Intersectional analysis of fertility issues indicates that White women’s childbearing is more highly valued and promoted than the childbearing of women of color.
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Later Adulthood
Ageism
Double standard of aging
Grandmotherhood
Grandmother effect
Gender and Cognitive Aging
Widowhood and Gender Ratios
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Grandmother effect--older women who are healthy and active enhance their own fitness by providing care for their grandchildren enhancing the survival of offspring.
Gender ratios become more and more lopsided with advancing age.
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Chapter Summary
Gender differences
Transgender children
Parents
Gender-appropriate behavior
Sexualization
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Chapter Summary
Puberty
Peer Harassment
Marriage and romantic relationships
Motherhood
Older adulthood
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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