Question
Depressive disorders
Name
Institution
Date
Introduction
It is normal to feel sad from time to time. However, when this goes on for a long-time health issues may arise which include major depressive disorders.
There is an increasing concern on major depressive disorders in middle aged men.
Major depressive disorders in middle aged men may go on for a long time within the individual before the health issue is diagnosed.
Traditionally, clinical treatment of depressive disorders has been done using antidepressants. Exercise is also a recommended method of treating major depressive disorders in middle-aged men.
Developing PICO(T) question
PICO question: How does the use of antidepressants (I) compared to intense exercise (C) in the successful treatment (O) of major depressive disorder in middle-aged men (P)?
In developing the PICO(T) question, certain important elements were first described the used. These elements include:
P- Population/patients
I- Intervention
C- Comparison/control
O- Outcome
T- Time (optional)
Once the elements were identified and described, they were framed in a manner that could facilitate faster data base search.
Research database used
PubMed
Scopus
JSTOR
Medline
APA citation of peer reviewed articles
Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Doraiswamy, P. M., Watkins, L., Hoffman, B. M., Barbour, K. A., Herman, S., Craighead, W. E., Brosse, A. L., Waugh, R., Hinderliter, A., & Sherwood, A. (2007). Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic medicine, 69(7), 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148c19a
Schuch, F. B., & Stubbs, B. (2019). The role of exercise in preventing and treating depression. Current sports medicine reports, 18(8), 299-304.
Netz, Y. (2017). Is the comparison between exercise and pharmacologic treatment of depression in the clinical practice guideline of the american college of physicians evidence-based?. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 257.
Kandola, A., Ashdown-Franks, G., Hendrikse, J., Sabiston, C. M., & Stubbs, B. (2019). Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 525-539.
Levels of evidence
1) Article 1- level I; Article 2- level II; Article 3- level I; Article 4- level II
The benefits of using systematic reviews in this context include:
They expose existing knowledge gaps that require future studies.
Reduces biases as conclusion is derived after review of numerous articles.
Provide basis of application of clinical practice from available evidence based practices
Definitions of levels
Peer reviewed articles herein have different levels of evidence that support their use in this study.
The first and third articles are graded Level I signaling a thorough meta-analysis and evince based clinical practices.
The second and fourth article are Level II articles because evidence is based on a well-designed RCT.
All other Levels of evidence were not used in the study as they do not satisfy the study requirement.
Conclusion
Depressive disorders especially in middle aged men should be adressed more since they normaly go undiscovered.
The PICO(T) question addressed herein compares physical exercise to anti depressants in treating depressive disorders in treating depressive disorders in middle-aged men.
Many research articles and journals have been published investigating this issue.
There are numerous databases that avail these publications therefore facilitating further details on our PICO(T) question.
References
Currier, D., Lindner, R., Spittal, M. J., Cvetkovski, S., Pirkis, J., & English, D. R. (2020). Physical activity and depression in men: Increased activity duration and intensity associated with lower likelihood of current depression. Journal of affective disorders, 260, 426-431.
Hallgren, M., Vancampfort, D., Giesen, E. S., Lundin, A., & Stubbs, B. (2017). Exercise as treatment for alcohol use disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(14), 1058-1064.
Kennedy, S. H., & Emsley, R. (2006). Placebo-controlled trial of agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 16(2), 93-100.
Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., & Phillips, M. L. (2012). Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1045-1055.
Teychenne, M., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2008). Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: a review. Preventive medicine, 46(5), 397-411.
Walther, A., Breidenstein, J., & Miller, R. (2019). Association of testosterone treatment with alleviation of depressive symptoms in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 76(1), 31-40.