PowerPoint presentation needed

Using PowerPoint develop a 22-slide presentation that demonstrates your mastery of the Program Outcomes by discussing the results of your Individual Project.  The following slides should be presented:

1)      Title Slide

2)      Overview

3)      Research Problem

4)      Research Intent

5)      Research Question(s)/Hypothesis

6)      Literature Review Key Points

7)      Methodology

8)      Results

9)      Conclusions

10)  Recommendations

11)  Summary

Preparation and response to natural disasters is a serious logistical challenge. Significant resources are used by intergovernmental, governmental, and non-governmental organizations to prepare and respond to the effects of natural disasters. When a natural disaster occurs, such organizations mobilize resources to respond. Recently, technological advancements in autonomous, semiautonomous, and unmanned vehicles have increased the utility of such vehicles while reducing costs. The increased use of UAVs has created a new dimension to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operations. In real life, the use of UAVs can be beneficial in cases where rapid decisions are required or the use of manpower is limited (Boehm et al., 2017).

Natural disasters have significantly damaged transportation infrastructure including railways and roads. Additionally, barrier lakes and landslides pose a serious threat to property and life in areas affected. When infrastructure is interrupted with heavy rescue equipment, rescue vehicles, suppliers and rescue teams face challenges to reach disaster-hit areas. As a result, efforts to provide humanitarian aid is hampered (Tatsidou et al., 2019). The traditional approaches of responding to natural disasters are unable to meet the requirements to support the process of disaster decision making. UAVs are well equipped to navigate areas affected by natural disasters and provide humanitarian aid.

This study aims to explore the viability of using the MQ-8B Fire Scout in providing humanitarian aid in areas affected by natural disasters. The document provides a literature review on the use of UAVs in providing humanitarian aid when natural disasters have occurred. The study compares the viability of using MQ-8B to MH-60 in conducting rescue operations in areas affected by disasters.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using UAVs in providing humanitarian aid in areas affected by natural disasters. The study assists in developing general knowledge and bridge the existing gap in providing humanitarian aid using UAVs. The findings of this study increase knowledge of the effectiveness of UAVs in responding to natural disasters and provide more insights on useful methods to respond to affected areas. Ultimately, these insights could help develop more knowledge about the fate of UAVs associated with rescue operations. The findings of this study can be used as the basis for future studies by researchers interested in this topic.

The problem to be addressed in this study is the loss of human life during natural disasters which could be prevented or reduced through enhanced delivery of humanitarian aid. According to Luo et al. (2017), the earthquake that hit Haiti in 2010 claimed approximately 160,000 lives. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami left approximately 360,000 people dead and more than 1,300,000 others displaced (Luo et al., 2017). While there were efforts taken to deliver humanitarian aid in both instances, the use of manned systems proved to be limited to areas that presented less risk to the rescue teams.

After a natural disaster, governmental and non-governmental organizations provide significant resources for rescue and recovery missions. However, the nature of damaged infrastructure makes it impossible for response vehicles to reach the affected areas. This demonstrates the inefficiency associated with traditional methods of providing humanitarian aid in such situations. As a result, there exists a need for a more robust approach to providing humanitarian aid after natural disasters to mitigate the loss of life in the future. The use of UAVs can augment response teams in providing humanitarian help to affected areas in a cost-effective and timely manner.

The focus of this research was the ability of the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout to augment humanitarian aid operations for mitigating loss of life after natural disasters. The research analyzed the mishap rates of the MQ-8B compared to the MH-60, and looked at how the Fire Scout can be used mutually for military operations, as well its capacity for provisioning humanitarian aid. Given the available speed and ability of the UAV to access high-risk places, the MQ-8B Fire Scout can offer a solution to the existing problem (Gomez & Purdie, 2017).

This study aims to answer the following research questions (RQ):

RQ1: How viable is the deployment of the MQ-8B Fire Scout for a more expedient and cost-effective solution to delivering humanitarian aid compared to using the MH-60 Sea Hawk?

RQ2: What are the advantages and disadvantages that could be associated with the use of the MQ-8B Fire Scout for identifying victims, water drops for wildfire hotspots, and first aid drops for survivors post-natural disaster?

The following hypothesis (H) has been formulated for the study:

H0: There is no statistical difference in safety when using the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout when compared to manned vehicles to provide humanitarian aid in areas affected by a disaster.

H1: There is a statistical difference in safety when using the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout when compared to manned vehicles to provide humanitarian aid in areas affected by a disaster.

This study focused only on the potential use of UAVs in rescue operations to provide humanitarian aid to individuals in areas affected by natural disasters. As a result, the study does not provide a description of how the UAVs can be used in reconnaissance missions conducted by military personnel. The study does not describe how UAVs can be used to monitor riparian areas and pollution in marine areas.

One of the major limitations of the research is the significant costs associated with the use of UAVs and more so with the MQ-8B Fire Scout. Various UAVs would need to be purchased to facilitate this study. However, due to the high costs, the researchers settled on less efficient UAVs that could not provide accurate information. The physical demand of the terrain, variation in weather conditions, and less optimal use of machine tools are some of the factors that affected the study. These factors have a significant impact on situational awareness and affect how data is interpreted from UAVs. The UAVs used in the study had shorter ranges, and therefore, could not generate a great deal of information. Another key limitation of this study is observer bias that may have compromised the results.

AIS Automatic Identification System

C2 Command and Control communication system

CONOPS Concept of Operations

DTM Digital Terrain Model

DOD Department of Defense

E.O. Electro-optical camera

ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FEBA Forward Edge of the Battle Area

FLIR Forward-Looking Infra-Red

GAO Government Accountability Office

GPS Global Positing Systems

H Hypothesis

IMINT Imagery Intelligence

ISR Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance

LCS Littoral Combat ships

NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information

NTTL Naval Tactical Task List

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

RDML Rear Admiral Lower Half

RQ Research question

SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar

SIGINT Signals Intelligence

SIL System Integration Laboratories

TCDL Tactical Common Data Link

TRB Transportation Research Board

UAVs Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

VTUAV Vertical Take-Off and Landing Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

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Providing humanitarian aid for people affected by natural disasters has become an issue of major concern not only to governments but also to other non-governmental organizations. Destruction of existing infrastructure by natural disasters has increased public interest in the development of effective tools to provide humanitarian aid to disaster-hit areas. According to Macias, Angeloudis, and Ochieng 2018, unmanned aerial vehicles are the logical choice for responding to natural disasters. A review of relevant research was conducted in this chapter to determine the underlying knowledge of the effectiveness of UAVs in providing humanitarian aid. This review delineates factors that may affect the optimum use of UAVs in areas affected by natural disasters.

The first UAV was developed in World War I under the concept of cruise missiles to attack enemies from short distances. The first UAV was a wooden biplane with a range of 75 miles. This technology-focused on attacking a specific location with zero chance of return. However, by the 1950s, the United States Air Force was able to develop a UAV capable of returning after attacking a particular point. During World War II, American soldiers were able to use UAVs to spy on enemies. In the late 1960s, the United States Air Force engineers embarked on developing UAVs with better electrical systems to observe activities of the enemies with better precision (Tatsidou et al., 2019).

The significant technological developments since that time have led to improved UAVs that can take part in more delicate and complex missions. The use of advanced electronic controlling systems, better radio systems, high-resolution digital cameras, sophisticated computers, and advanced Global Positing Systems (GPS) allow UAVs to conduct recovery missions effectively during natural disasters. The quality of UAVs significantly increased in the 2000s. UAVs are now used by the military, and by private firms, and by individual owner-operators. The performance of modern UAVs allows the platforms to provide humanitarian aid in areas affected by natural disasters.

Multiple studies confirm UAVs are very effective in delivering items to areas with poor transportation infrastructure. From delivering important supplies to monitoring damage by the use of cameras, UAVs can play a significant role in providing humanitarian aid. When compared to traditional vehicles, UAVs are more sophisticated due to the improved flexibility and ease of use. It is more effective and safer to use a UAV to deliver supplies in dangerous locations than sending a human being. However, UAVs are unable to carry an excessively heavy load because of their size and mostly drop cargo while in route (D'Amato, Notaro & Mattei, 2018).

Unmanned aircraft designers choose to have the UAV release cargo on air or land for a receiver to remove the cargo. However, for delivering humanitarian aid in disaster-hit areas, UAVs are designed to drop supplies from the air. Based on the limited lifting capacity of UAVs, items must be packaged in small containers (Petrides et al., 2017). Cargo for humanitarian UAVs normally consists of blood, bandages, syringes, water purifying tablets, and medicine. Defibrillation attachments may also be included in the deliverables. These items are light in nature and can be packaged into small containers to be lifted by the UAVs. This allows the UAV to travel for long distances without losing efficiency.

The impact of weather on a UAV depends on the power, equipment, configuration, and size, as well as the exposure time and the severity of the weather, encountered. Most UAVs have characteristics and configurations which make the aircraft more vulnerable to extreme weather conditions compared to manned aircraft. In general, today's UAVs are more fragile, lighter, and slower, as well as more sensitive to weather conditions when compared to manned aircraft. Small UAVs are very susceptible to extreme weather conditions. Similar to manned aircraft, certain weather conditions can also affect larger UAVs making the aircraft difficult to control. (Ranquist & Steiner & Argrow, 2017).

Extreme weather conditions such as snow, humidity, temperature extremes, solar storms, rain, turbulence, and wind may diminish the aerodynamic performance of UAVs, cause loss of communication, and control. These same conditions can also negatively affect the operator. Most flight regulations currently in use do not address most of the weather hazards facing UAVs. Some of the current restrictions pertaining to weather include remaining 2000 feet away from the ceiling and 500 feet below clouds, operating under the unaided visual line, and maintaining visibility for 4.83km (Macias, Angeloudis & Ochieng, 2018). While this eliminates issues of poor visibility, it does not help to reduce safety hazards associated with clear skies. Clear sky hazards may include turbulence, glare, and wind.

Turbulence can also affect the stability of UAVs. Multiple studies show wind accounted for more than 50% of manned aircrafts accidents. This percentage is higher for small aircraft. This demonstrates the impact turbulence may have on small-unmanned vehicles. The primary ways wind affects UAVs include reducing endurance, limiting control, and changing flight trajectory. Strong winds affect the path of a UAV. Wind speeds may also surpass the maximum speed of UAVs causing the UAV to struggle in such environments. The impact of turbulence can make it difficult for the UAVs to deliver humanitarian aid to affected areas in a timely manner.

Turbulence, wind gusts, and wind shear all have the potential of affecting control of UAVs and affect an operator’s ability to complete the mission in the most effective and expedient manner. UAV control is the ability to maneuver the UAV by use of roll, pitch, and yaw. Pitch changes the attack angle for the UAV, roll rotates the UAV, and yaw changes the direction of the UAV. When the speed of the wind increases suddenly, it affects the yaw of the UAV making it difficult for the operator to control it effectively. A horizontal gust can also roll the UAV and is most dangerous when flying in areas with obstructions.

UAVs have increased persistence in air operations compared to manned systems making the MQ-8B ideal for conducting humanitarian aid operations. While there are theoretical and practical limits, utilizing few vehicles allows for continuous surveillance for a long period of time. The flexibility of the MQ-8B allows it and other UAVs to carry out operations when and where other manned aircraft are unable to operate. The long-endurance capabilities of UAVs allow the air vehicle to deliver humanitarian aid many hours into a flight, which could otherwise be impossible with traditional approaches. As a result, people in areas experiencing natural disasters may receive supplies continuously.

While both unmanned and manned air operations can be coordinated by multiple people, not having a physical operator in the vehicle allows multiple operators to share direct controls. The user with the immediate need or situational awareness may assume full control of the UAV. This capability significantly reduces the timelines of coordination between the UAV and ground users. With the dire need associated with response missions, UAVs are better suited to provide humanitarian aid when compared to the traditional methods, which normally takes a significant amount of time to reach those affected.

The ability to use UAVs for disaster response in the United States is largely limited by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The current FAA policy for operating unmanned aerial vehicles in the United States requires a specific authority to operate one. In general, any use of UAV requires an airworthiness certification. However, potential users of UAVs face significant regulatory challenges in the United States. The law requires UAVs to include registration numbers in their markings. Operation circular 91-57 describes the differences between non-hobby use and hobby use of UAVs and operating restrictions. The FAA has implemented various orders to restrict the operation of UAVs.

Local governments have developed legislation that describes the potential use of UAVs in emergency situations. Various municipalities including Syracuse, New York, and Charlottesville, Virginia, have implemented further restrictions such as city purchases of UAVs. Serious concerns about data collection and privacy have erupted in the United States. The FAA developed a restriction for privacy in areas of UAVs operations. Until the private use regulation and legislation issues surrounding the adoption of UAVs are resolved, it will be difficult to use them in first response situations. While these challenges exist, researchers need to explore methods in which UAVs can be used to provide humanitarian aid during natural disasters.

In most cases, designers develop controls that work very well in labs but fail in a real-world situation. The expectation is, through training and familiarization, humans will be able to learn and adapt to the controls and displays. However, this approach is deemed to fail if used in the development of a human-machine interface. As the capabilities of UAVs increase every day, the vehicle complexity is also increased. The need to use automation and advanced technology has also increased. While these systems are unmanned, it is important to keep in mind humans are involved in the control and operation of UAVs (Hildmann & Kovacs, 2019).

The lack of standardization across different UAV human-machine interfaces results in increased time of training for one system and increased difficulty in transition to other systems. Poor optimization of information results in the difficulty of interpreting system information needed for situational awareness that supports decision making in stressful situations. Lack of adaptability and flexibility in UAVs often lead to poor displays and ultimately to poor situational awareness. Lack of basic sensory cues makes it even more difficult to use UAVs in response missions. The cues which are relevant in manned aircraft suddenly become irrelevant in UAVs (Estrada & Ndoma, 2019). These cues are currently missing in UAVs and need to be incorporated for increased efficiency.

The development of UAVs that consider the end-user could increase the effectiveness in responding to natural disasters. This implies designing human-machine interfaces that are intuitive, functional, and user-friendly that allow easy extraction of relevant information by operators. With the current technological advancements, it is possible to design intuitive and functional interfaces that utilize the available cues to maintain high levels of situational awareness needed for effective, efficient, and safe control of UAVs. This allows operators to understand various aspects of UAVs and enables deployment in dangerous areas such as locations affected by natural disasters.

The success of providing humanitarian aid to areas affected by natural disasters requires the equipment to have the appropriate sensors, and to be at the right place, at the right time. This is important particularly in response situations where emergency signals, remoteness, weather, and terrain differ significantly. Even if the UAV is at the right place at the right time, it will be rendered ineffective without the right sensors. The initial phase of a rescue mission is the most critical and requires UAVs to have appropriate sensors. A single UAV may use various sensors that allow it to come up with a general picture of the situation (Grogan, Pellerin & Gamache, 2018).

Since the strength of signals is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, unmanned aerial vehicles designed to provide humanitarian aid in areas experiencing natural disasters need to have stronger signals than ground station receivers and satellites. The signal can be triangulated by multiple UAVs if sent in a digital format. In cases where Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) are not transmitting or activated, infrared sensors can be used to search the location of the UAV. Fortunately, sensors in the infrared and low light wavelength have significantly decreased physical dimensions and costs. Onboard automation will be very important for effective UAV operations in extreme conditions.

Compared to traditional static sensors, UAVs are still more costly. Considering the infrastructure needed to respond to such cases is currently being met by the existing infrastructure, it is justified that most studies focus on the immediate aftermath of a natural disaster. UAVs can be used to develop a communication center to provide victims in an affected area with wireless communication. Additionally, UAVs can allow people trapped in areas affected by natural calamities to communicate with the emergency control center for rescue (Grogan, Pellerin & Gamache, 2018). One of the benefits of such a system is it serves those only in the affected location, and this can maximize performance.

The use of UAVs in rescue operations depends on its ability to safely operate in the shared aviation environment. As a result, the UAVs must demonstrate the ability to ensure safety both for people on the ground and other aircraft. However, there are various safety risks associated with UAVs which are different from those presented by manned vehicles. The risk of pilots losing their lives in flight is reduced because UAVs do not have occupants. The use of manned vehicles, on the other hand, implies people will need to use vehicles for movement to areas affected by natural disasters. As a result, the lives of the rescue teams are at risk (Estrada & Ndoma, 2019).

UAV designers are aware of the safety concerns associated with these systems, and more so concerning the poor reliability of such systems in extreme conditions. The designers understand political support and public trust would fade away in case of an accident. For this reason, safety remains a top priority for the UAV community. UAVs have the potential to provide considerable safety benefits in disaster response operations. Significant technological developments have the potential to improve safety associated with UAVs. Advances in monitoring systems, data exchange networks, communication, sensor detection systems, and automation will have positive impacts on UAVs and the UAV community. Automated takeoff eliminates the possibility of accidents for operators (Escribano Macias, Angeloudis & Ochieng, 2018).

UAVs use the same airspace as other aircraft. As a result, there are high chances of collision in the airspace. Numerous studies by research institutions, universities, industry, and governments across the world have focused on how collisions can be avoided in the airspace. While avoiding collisions is a difficult task, the UAV community has developed to see and avoid capabilities that allow the operators to avoid obstructions. The distance of 25 feet for detecting obstructions has been clearly provided by the FAA regulations. The FAA calls for operators to maintain vigilance to detect and avoid collisions with obstructions while flying UAVs.

The use of unmanned aerospace systems (UAS) has increased significantly over the past few years. This has raised significant safety issues concerning UAS. Different countries have developed policies to govern the operation of UAS in the aviation aerospace to enhance safety and security. Various safety initiatives have been developed, most notably the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) and the European Strategic Safety Initiative (ESSI). The purpose of CAST is to reduce the fatality rate associated with commercial aviation by 80%. The ESSI aims to enhance safety for European citizens through safety analysis and coordination with other global safety initiatives.

The review of the literature indicates current research studies explore the effectiveness of using UAVs in conducting reconnaissance missions. However, there is a gap in research focused on the effectiveness of using UAVs to provide humanitarian aid during and after natural disasters. There is limited research comparing the effectiveness of using UAVs to conduct rescue and recovery missions compared to the use of manned vehicles. There is also limited research focused on determining the costs and benefits of utilizing emergency response vehicles and UAVs in responding to natural disasters.

This study determines the resourcefulness of using UAVs in responding to natural disasters while simultaneously providing economic benefits. The study increases understanding to bridge the existing gap in providing humanitarian aid using UAVs. The findings of this study increase knowledge on the effectiveness of UAVs in responding to natural disasters and provide more insights that can be used to respond to affected areas. Ultimately, these insights could help develop more knowledge regarding the fate associated with rescue operations. The findings of this study can be used as the basis for future studies by researchers interested in this topic.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore the effectiveness of the MQ-8B and MH-60. A systematic review of extant literature was conducted. This systematic and progressive survey is comprised of underlying structured analyses and methodologies that investigate and report topic-specific studies regarding objectivity, replicability, transparency, and the comprehensiveness of the research. The emergence of UAVs has posed critical challenges. Control and monitoring of UAVs require the increased autonomy of fleets and a reduction of workload for operators (Cassingham, 2016). The establishment of the relevant mission model for the MQ-8B is therefore significant, not only for planning and specification, but also for control and monitoring. The relevant mission model provides leverage for mission and fleet states, thereby offering the operator the necessary information on the mission. This section undertakes the proposed methodology of the study aiming to explore the viability of using the MQ-8B Fire Scout in providing humanitarian aid in areas affected by natural disasters. The study also compared the practicality of using MQ-8B to MH-60 in conducting rescue operations in areas affected by disasters.

Microsoft Excel was used to organize the data of different UAVs for conducting various humanitarian aid operations. SPSS software was used SPSS to conduct a descriptive analysis. Quantitative research methods were applied in the assessment of the existing data on the usability of UAVs in disaster bound areas. A mathematical model was used to establish and replicate mishaps which might occur during humanitarian aid operations using MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk. The method of casting leveraged the objective data and existing evidence concerning the prospects of employing UAVs in disaster-stricken areas (Gomez & Purdie, 2017). However, based on the expanse of this research and its realities, a quantitative method may not be sufficient to adequately justify the hypothesis due to the subjectivity and inability to address the research themes outlined in chapter one.

In the wake of a disaster, from dangerous hurricanes, earthquakes, cyclone storms, wildfires, and delivering toilet paper to prevent the spread of viruses like COVID-19 (Canales, 2020), the models of undertaking humanitarian aid operations using UAVs must now address the entire purview of objectivity and subjectivity. For this reason, the study adopted quantitative methods for conducting data collection and forecasting. The MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk have been utilized by disaster relief organizations in the United States and beyond for more than 15 years. However, the niche in the disaster response environment, the utility, ethical considerations, standardization and the legal challenges of the application of UAVs has remained vastly unexplored.

The quantitative method illustrates or outlines how UAVs have been utilized by various teams of responders to assess damages during disasters such as Hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017. The quantitative data is determined by analyzing data streams ranging from social media, participant observation, semi-direct interviews or even direct observations. In that very vein, the quantitative approach was used for the performance of thematic content taken from field observations and post hoc interviews. The results from the analyses were used to underpin the barriers to deploying MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk in the humanitarian crisis context, the tactical execution, programmatic future research integration plus the ensuing ethical and legal challenges (Enemark, 2013). As such, the methods set the groundwork for the research and redundant future studies on the utilization of UAVs in humanitarian crises and the robust, prudent and ethical implementation of various programs associated with the deployment of the MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk in the aftermath of such crisis.

Therefore, through the use of quantitative methodology, the paper explores how MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk are being utilized for damage assessment and the humanitarian operations during crises, and what factors correspond to either deploying drones or using data collected to identify the critical aspects of the technology's broader adoption in such activities. The study utilized various predetermined domains of inquiry, including developing the continuous approximation model created by Chowdhury, S., Emelogu, A., Marufuzzaman, M., Nurre, S. G., & Bian, L. (2017) to aid the investigation.

The continuous approximation model developed by Chowdhury et al. (2017) recreates the incident rates to assess the suitability of employing the MQ-8B compared to the MH-60 in disaster-stricken territories. A few rules were followed. The logistics network is communicated as smooth nonstop capacities. The logistics network is represented in a two-dimensional space with demand points represented by discrete points within the administrative region in the two-dimensional space (Gomez and Purdie, 2017). The demand for humanitarian aid in the demand points was modeled as Poisson processes. Using the model created by Gomez and Purdie, different scenarios were simulated to obtain the data.

The model joined the paces of incidents for both the MQ-8B and the MH-60 in various scenarios. The two methods of conveyance were considered in terms of setback rates in hillside stages, bush terrains, coasts, and wetlands. The lack of experience in such disasters such as tropical storms, waves, flames, and tremors was likewise be incorporated in the model to guarantee it portrays present reality incident rates.

Factors such as speed and capacity to reach the disaster-stricken regions were fused into the model. UAVs are able to be sent in areas that might be blocked off to disaster reaction utility trucks more quickly. The model was used to analyze the paces of disasters in a reenacted situation. The practicality of the utilization of UAVs in the arrangement was assessed by using this technique. The velocities of incidents for MQ-8B Fire Scout were contrasted as were those of the MH-60. A t-test for independent means was completed on the publicly available methods for setback rates pertaining to both platforms. Therefore, in researching the hypothesis and the quantitative methods to evaluate the collected data, the research used statistical software to test for the effectiveness of MH-60 Seahawk in comparison to MQ-8B.

This case study methodology is used to describe herein in conjunction with various other assessment methods. The research is restricted to the illustrated examples of the UAVs being used for the purpose of humanitarian crisis cases and to deal with the immediate aftermath. The assessment methodology applied herein follows those described by Chowdhury et al. (2017); Green et al. (2017). It includes multiple data streams from research approaches such as interviews, direct observations, mining academic research, and historical literature, as well as social media posts and news articles. The news, discussions, and field notes collected from direct observations are the primary source of data.

The data was taken from various Peer Published Articles and from different websites such as Data-world.com, Google Scholar.com, Kaggle.com, among others. Variables taken into consideration for the study include operational flexibility of the UAVs, human factors, and delivery time.

The field data and notes collected about disaster operations with regards to the UAVs and manned vehicles similar to the MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk were used to inform the analysis. Quick observations on management and other human factors surrounding the operational approaches of unmanned and manned vehicles were recorded by Miętkiewicz and used for the descriptive analysis (Miętkiewicz, 2019).

This study utilized a mutual Google Sheets-based information extraction apparatus to gather and evaluate appropriate online life postings, news stories, and other non-scholarly writing identified with MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk in use during emergencies. Most of this research occurred after Hurricane Harvey made landfall. Utilizing Twitter and Facebook, a search for online content took place once per day to identify specific terms such as: ramble, UAS, UAV, catastrophe reaction, search and salvage, and SAR. The inquiries utilized Twitter and Facebook's interior pursuit instruments and were consistent with Twitter and Facebook terms of administration. Terms legitimately identified with UAV use by calamity responders were identified by the subsequent information extraction apparatus and classified by source, media stage, class of data, known MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk pilots or clients, and flight reason, among other criteria. Valuable assets gathered in these apparatuses were examined and depended upon as key references as the biological system was directed for the examination of the humanitarian crises.

Using field observations, research teams have routinely conducted interviews with the experts of humanitarian aid. Researchers perceive UAVs have been able to effectively aid operations in disaster management. Various shareholders recently observed the effectiveness of UAVs in aiding humanitarian operations in hurricane-stricken regions in the United States. These respondents included authorities from non-administrative associations, nearby government and local groups of fire-fighters, FEMA, and scholarly UAV programs all officially occupied with crisis tasks. Interviewees who consented, at that point were posed a series of questions relating to individual encounters preceding and during the emergencies, with subsequent investigations in the four areas of specialized, automatic, moral and administrative perceptions, and difficulties of using UAVs in post-disasters (Greenwood, Nelson & Greenough 2020).

The ecosystem systems of actors sending MQ-8B Fire Scout and using UAV-caught information for humanitarian aid after an emergency was intricate and varied from multiple points of view. The Northrop Grumman MQ-8B was delegated a "Strategic Unmanned Aerial Vehicle" different from other UAVs in activity today. The MQ-8B was assessed repeatedly by the Department of Defense (DoD) and was determined to be more closely associated in structure and capacity to a customary helicopter more than a fixed-wing airplane. As a revolving wing plane, the MQ-8B can take off and land vertically from any landscape and can spend time in the air for expanded periods of time, this highlights capabilities of the MQ-8B not accessible to other UAV classes. The framework is intended to accommodate continuous observation, reconnaissance of foe development, fight harm appraisal, direct focusing of adversary staff/vehicles and general intelligence gathering.

Like other new-age UAVs, the MQ-8B can be worked in a self-ruling nature, therefore controlling itself dependent on accessible programming. Programming allows the framework takeoff, fly and land whenever required; however, the programming does require manual input. Also, the UAVs mission can be refreshed "on-the-fly" without the requirement for the airplane to land and be revamped. The MQ-8B airframe can achieve rates of up to 125 kilometers per hour and heights of up to 20,000 feet and can fly distances of up to 200 kilometers from its dispatch point. The entire MQ-8B bundle is intended to be profoundly secluded with present and future arranged frameworks.

The initial segment of this investigation concentrated on noting the auxiliary research question: How viable is the deployment of the MQ-8B Fire Scout for a more expedient and cost-effective solution to delivering humanitarian aid compared to using the MH-60 Seahawk? The answer to this question was dependent on the deliberate audit of from the All-inclusive Naval Tactical Task List (NTTL), group procedures by Rear Admiral Lower Half (RDML) Ray Spicer, and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) report of 2005 titled "Plans Need to Allow Enough Time to Demonstrate Capability of First Littoral Combat Ships” (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2005).

In contrast with MH-60 Seahawk, these investigations were separated into two classes: centered missions and natural missions. An expansive investigation into the usefulness and the mechanics of UAVs like MQ-8B has been studied over time. Because MQ-8B would undertake a vital role in aerial remote sensing, for the research the collection of information with regards to the ecosystems where the humanitarian aid is needed would play a vastly significant role. Due to the flexibility, high mobility and high revisit rates of UAVs, using unmanned aerial vehicles in traditional ways, would produce digital elevation data capable of developing the entire mastery of environmental information respectable for the analysis. The Digital Terrain Data (DTM) is extremely important, as it establishes essential environmental information needed for spatial analysis research.

The MQ-8B Fire Scout was first selected as the Navy's unmanned aerial vehicle because it was fit for observation, situational mindfulness, and exact targeting. Although the Navy dropped the creation of the MQ-8B Fire Scout in 2001, Northrop Grumman's vertical takeoff UAV resurfaced in 2003 when the Army assigned the MQ-8B Fire Scout as a Class IV UAV for the future battle framework. The Army's advantage on the battlefield recharged Navy financing for the MQ-8B, making the Fire Scout Department of Defense (DoD) the first joint UAV helicopter. With regards to System Characteristics and Mission, Northrop Grumman based the plan of the Fire Scout on a business helicopter. The MQ-8B model added a four-sharp edge rotor to lessen the airplane's acoustic signature 145 with a fundamental 127-lb. payload; the Fire Scout can remain overhead for up to 9.5 hours; with the full-limit sensor payload, continuance decreases to about six hours. The Fire Scout has self-governing flight capacities. The observation payload comprises a laser designator and extends discoverer, an infrared (I.R.) camera and a multicolor electro-optical (E.O.) camera, which when balanced with explicit channels could give mine-recognition capabilities.

Table 1

Descriptive Statistics for challenges During UAVs operations in humanitarian aid

Note. Mean, Min, Max, and SD are measured in minutes. Min = Minimum, Max = Maximum, SD = Standard Deviation. Data from 2012-2016 were used for this analysis.

T statistics: An independent t-test is a two-sample t-test used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated groups.

The data selections come from the normal population.

The following hypothesis (H) has been formulated for the study:

H0: There is no statistical difference in safety when using the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout when compared to manned vehicles to provide humanitarian aid in areas affected by a disaster.

H1: There is a statistical difference in safety when using the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout when compared to manned vehicles to provide humanitarian aid in areas affected by a disaster.

Level of significance is 0.05

Decision: Fail to reject the null hypothesis because the P-value is greater than 0.05 and concludes: There is no statistical difference in safety when using the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout when compared to MH-60 to provision humanitarian aid in areas affected by a disaster.

Drawing a comparison between the unmanned and manned operations, the total number of unmanned and manned operations is indicated in figure 1.1 below. With regards to operations, and humanitarian aid between the unmanned and manned vehicles in disaster areas, figure 1.0 shows the time taken on both areas of interests and those of non-interest. The operational, human and time factors for the deployment and the use of unmanned and manned vehicles consolidated data for disaster response in the aftermaths are usually complex and vastly different. Also, the tasking of UAVs missions and data captured is somewhat nonstandard and often opaque. However, it can be generalized that the purpose of UAVs deployed in the post-disaster ecosystems for aiding the efforts of humans, capturing data and or utilizing that data to send signals to the operation base to be acted upon. Primary deployers can then be divided into various categories based on the specificity of each operation.

Since quantitative analysis focuses on in-depth reasoning and quality of results, many researchers prefer it over the quantitative analysis that focuses on larger sample sizes. This form of study does not use any statistical tools in the process. Therefore, the Fire Scout VTUAV was created by Northrop Grumman for both Army and Navy clients. The Navy variation is introduced in Figure 1.0; PMA-266 manages the Navy program. Program Management Air is a multi-mission tactical unmanned aerial system responsible for dispensing high-risk missions. The MQ-8B Fire Scout is currently instituted in the U.S. Navy Fleet, to be deployed on any boat that can currently be equipped with the MH-60 Seahawk helicopter. This includes Naval aircraft carriers, frigates, destroyers, and littoral combat ships (LCS). The MQ-8B is equipped to support targeting missions for missiles. The missions of the MQ-8B Fire Scout are still being resolved, yet with its current suite of crucial technology, it is playing strategic roles to curb and mitigate potential dangers to the warfighter and in the aftermath of a disaster, facilitate disaster management missions. As of now, the Fire Scout can independently depart from and land on any flying competent Naval carrier and furthermore is well-equipped for landing zones near the Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA). It is outfitted with the Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL) for both A.V. and payload Command and Control (C2). Current strategies incorporate (E.O.) and Forward-Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) sensors. It can conduct observation, find strategic targets, follow and assign targets and give exact information in strike stages, for example, strike airplanes, helicopters, and boats. The Fire Scout is likewise ready to complete fight harm appraisal. The table below shows the timing matrix from the UAVs studied herein.

Figure 1.0 timing matrix of UAVs (Howell, C. 2019)

The research is entirely adaptable. It is worth noting the spans of the test bases depicted above can be independently changed following the gadget being the object of interest. An object of interest is the object being interrogated by the avionics suite utilized by the UAV. Additionally, it is imperative to focus on the objective assignments for the UAV before tests are performed; for example, the most extreme elevation attempted in Task 3 ought to be changed following the arranged UAV flight parameters during the mission. Ten unique classifications of surface vessels were characterized for traffic that would ordinarily be experienced during the given situations. The ships were assembled by size as well as interest levels dependent on the classification of the boat and its profile. Ships recognizable as agreeable or unbiased have appeared in green while unfriendly contacts appear in red (in these situations small equipped pontoons). Ships that could not be precluded as hostiles are viewed as contacts of interest and are performed in yellow. The dispensed occasions to achieve Phase II errands are determined based upon the class of the vessel being explored.

The non-contact of interest Naval vessels comprised of the enormous and medium vessels also as any small vessels that can be decidedly recognized by the sensor administrators as uninteresting (marked in the table as "angling"). The research from Figure 1 was conducted following the strategies of the created Concept of Operations (CONOPS), a document describing the characteristics of a proposed system from the viewpoint of an individual who will use that system such as a business requirements specification or stakeholder requirements specification (StRS). Certain phase programs can be directed while in transit to the following contact or skip to a predetermined target. The gray portion of the table reflects errands that would regularly require coordination with the operator before proceeding onward to the subsequent communication. Two classes of enormous vessels were viewed as imperative to lessen the complete number of connections that must be distinguished. In essence, those revealing themselves employing the automatic identification system (AIS) and those not announcing were identified as non-contact of interest. A vessel whose characterization coordinated its AIS report does not require further examination. Medium size vessels were likewise commonly thought to be uninteresting because, by definition, they do not organize the risk profile of a small assault pontoon. During characterization and recognizable proof of these vessels, it was reasonable, for example, waterways travel or angling was imparted to the mission officer on MQ-8B Fire Scout before continuing to the following contact. Small vessels without the ability to direct swarm assault, for example, boats and unpowered angling vessels were likewise treated as non-contacts of interest.

The table below represents a comparison between MQ-8B Fire Scouts. The following hypothesis (H) has been formulated for the research:

H0: There is no statistical difference in safety when using the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout when compared to manned vehicles to provide humanitarian aid in areas affected by a disaster.

H1: There is a statistical difference in safety when using the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout when compared to manned vehicles to provide humanitarian aid in areas affected by a disaster.

Figure 1.1 MQ-8B Fire Scout comparison chart (Navair, 2019)

In summarizing the research hypothesis, we must note UAVs are much more pronounced in the 21st century, regardless of whether the vehicles are little to medium measured remotely guided vehicles (otherwise known as automatons) or massive progressed UAS with a prearranged flight path. There is the expectation that these Unmanned Systems will accept the jobs of the customers at a later time. There is likewise the agreement Unmanned System infrastructure should be grown to become more affordable when compared to current operations in aiding disaster management. Through the evaluation of the manned MH-60 Seahawk, the operations dispensed in areas that need human attention are made quite possible and efficient.

Both aircraft play a similar, crucial role, giving High Altitude Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). Through needs assessment examination, both planes streamed down the prerequisites to all different subsystems, likewise, making comparable subsystems for Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT). Nevertheless, the extra requirement for long perseverance necessitated that the MQ-8B frameworks engineers had additional prerequisites to stream down to the product, interchanges, information handling, and ground bolster subsystems to control an unmanned aircraft for more than 24 hours. This extra prerequisite had different determined necessities that should have been confirmed, and approved during the investigation, fabricating, subsystem construct and test, and the last framework joining. By utilizing both System Integration Laboratories (SIL) and Flight Tests, the two structures necessities were checked and approved by the frameworks engineers.

The Global Hawk, since it was unmanned was required to perform more confirmation of subsystems and programming as it was the first UAV to accomplish flight airworthiness. The fate of ISR missions necessitates aircraft become progressively versatile to future innovations and circumstances. The Global Hawk, similar to the Lockheed U-2 has a measured design to change out to and from various subsystems relying upon the mission (Brown, 2018). Nevertheless, these subsystems were structured 20 to 30 years prior and were not intended for lower-level measured quality or interoperability. The MH-60 Seahawk frameworks building group understood the future needs and the significant level of interest and information to be accumulated and prepared. The S.E.'s created and streamed seclusion and interoperability necessities to the different subsystems (Aly, 2016). The MQ-8B framework is progressively helpful in exceptionally challenged zones of interest as there is no pilot; therefore, versatile correspondences of the information and information interface must be robust with hostile to sticking capacities to guarantee the information is secure from digital assault. The figure chart below describes the flight vehicle failure rate comparison.

Figure 1. 2 flight vehicle failure rate comparison (Ciani, L., Leccese, F., & Petritoli, E. 2018)

However, the U-2 is progressively survivable since it has a resistance framework, and can give more prominent situational mindfulness. According to Lockheed Martin (2020), Taking all the general ISR necessities into account an exchange study utilizing a lattice was performed, demonstrating the MH-60 Seahawk is the ideal answer for meeting both the present and future prerequisites for ISR missions. Even though the general acquisition cost of the MH-60 Seahawk is proportional to the U-2, frameworks building for MH-60 Seahawk had an obligation to stream down prerequisites to all subsystems with the thought of the whole frameworks' lifecycle. This is exemplified in that the MH-60 Seahawk is financially savvy to fly regarding cost per flight hour. Accordingly, the Global Hawk can satisfy all the prerequisites of the given partners with the least operational expense.

In summary, before utilizing the UAV innovation to execute the aeronautical humanitarian effort, researchers should perform the camera adjusting and consider any possible variables such as weather that might impact the effectiveness of the UAV. This could be aided by fixing the Canon 500D model. In this study, this was completed using the following steps: 1) Create the example sheet in the adjusted spot, 2) utilize the camera to take a positive bearing, around 45 degrees here and there the pictures, 3) take all the points of pictures into the operational projects to achieve the aligned parameters to be the reference of creating DTM information. Using the UAV technology provides applicable information and assistance; therefore, a procedure of disaster information collection and must be created. Based on this, the UAV operator can achieve effective information at appropriate times and provide the reference for the phases of disaster preparedness, response and return. This study used high mobility, high time-resolution and high image resolution and other features of unmanned vehicles to provide government important reference information in planning for disaster response and return.

The results from Chapter IV helped the researcher identify data to determine the practicability of using UAVs post-natural disaster for provisioning humanitarian aid as compared to manned aircraft.

Owing to the comprehensive analysis in the sections above, the research regarding the exploration of the effectiveness of the MQ-8B Fire Scout to provide humanitarian efforts post-natural disasters have contributed to a debate to address the various research problems and thematic issues highlighted. Generally, the results of this study mirror the difficulties of any innovation entering the field of disaster reaction, running from matters identified with wide recognition to the making of viable joining and sufficient credentialing components. As the utilization of satellites, geographic data frameworks, and even cameras has increased, there are many emergencies in which the use of UAVs causes concerns (Gertler, 2012). Drone pilots who flew during humanitarian missions, mindful of these healthy, negative views of the innovation, underscored straightforwardness and network commitment in their post-calamity work. Their regard for these concerns seems to have been dominant. The open observations during the field research effectively helped guide in the data analysis, and both via web-based networking media and in customary media inclusion, was, exceptionally positive. This is consistent with writing that demonstrates people are bound to acknowledge UAVs when the overall population sees the UAV as an innovation being used by on-screen characters who are attempting to help the network.

When seen through the viewpoint of the "new reaction gathering" build that investigates connections between developing calamity reaction networks that are regularly joined by novel innovations or strategies, as examined underneath, the difficulties looked at by those utilizing UAVs or using UAV-gathered information in the post-helpful reaction are equivalent to these prior use-cases. Practice regularly goes before a profound comprehension of how innovations and the people who use innovation should be fused into existing associations and frameworks (Everly & Limmer, 2014). Without institutionalized strategies and practices for utilizing another innovation, it is hard to create guidelines, preparing programs, and broadly settling upon proficient credentialing frameworks. Seen through this viewpoint, the discoveries are integral to recorded patterns, yet additionally to existing writing assessing the contemporary utilization of UAVs for global calamity reaction.

The new public perspective looks into automaton use for "public good" purposes; for example, calamity reaction is more well-known than is usually expected. Sakiyama et al. in a 2016 national online review discovered 94% of help for the utilization of automatons by the local authorities to salvage humanitarian situations and to help in disaster management in various parts of the world (Morris & Chander, 2018). A 2017 popular opinion review discovered particularly substantial open support for MH-60 Seahawk use for firefighting, search and salvage, and protection purposes, while respondents were bound to restrict operations on the land, business, and pastime purposes (Morris & Chander, 2018). Different analysts have discovered that open help for UAVs use was anticipated by the automaton's apparent reason, and not by message encircling or by the UAV end-client, themselves.

The up-close and personal communications watched and depicted by interviewees likely prompted the networks' recognition of UAVs were for "open acceptable" purposes. One interviewee underlined the significance of "straightforwardness" in-network commitment work. To incorporate this, his group would "answer questions, converse with individuals; give them what they're doing” (Morris & Chander, 2018). During the contextual analysis, specialists watched a local occupant demand the UAV group photo her home, which the specialist eagerly did. While a respondent noticed these associations could give "conclusion for the network" or grant individuals to check whether the group "despite everything had a house," the accessibility and straightforwardness of the automaton pilots likely diminished network individuals' impression of compromised security (Morris & Chander, 2018). An ongoing Danish research venture found network individuals' impression of security unsettling influence from rambles was connected to the researcher’s capacity to check who was flying it, and for what reason (Skaarup, 2012).

In summary, this study explored the increased use of UAVs and accurately evaluated the effectiveness of the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout in providing humanitarian aid after natural disasters have occurred. The ability to utilize the MQ-8B was analyzed by determining its ability to conduct humanitarian aid missions in areas affected by natural disasters largely inaccessible using traditional methods. The focal point of this exploration was to expansively review the capacity of the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout to enlarge important guide tasks for relieving death toll after catastrophic events. The examination delineated the setback paces of the MQ-8B contrasted with the MH-60. It examined how the Fire Scout can be utilized commonly for military activities, to its ability for provisioning humanitarian aid.

The significant innovative advancements have prompted improved UAVs that can participate in progressively fragile and complex missions. The utilization of cutting-edge electronic controlling frameworks, better radio frameworks, high-goals electronic cameras, complex P.C.s, and progressed worldwide setting structures global positioning systems permit UAVs to direct recuperation missions viably during catastrophic events. The nature of UAVs altogether expanded during the 2000s. The military currently utilizes UAVs, however, by private firms, and by singular proprietor administrators. The presentation of current technology permits UAVs to serve as a compassionate guide in territories influenced by catastrophic events.

Subjective research techniques were applied in the appraisal of the current information on the ease of use of UAVs in disaster bound regions. A numerical model was created with the point of duplicating disasters that may occur during the activities of a helpful guide utilizing MQ-8B Fire Scout and the MH-60 Seahawk. Based on the span of this exploration and its real factors, a subjective strategy will not be adequate to legitimize the speculation UAVs are not an adequate means of delivering humanitarian assistance.

In this case study, however, the UAVs equipped with remote sensing instrumentation offer numerous opportunities in disaster-related situations. When MQ-8B acquires photogrammetry-ready data with appropriate imagery metadata, the capabilities of UAVs for disaster research and management can be further realized. High-resolution images can be analyzed and used to produce hazard maps, dense surface models, detailed building renderings, comprehensive elevation models, and other disaster area characteristics. These data can then be analyzed using remote sensing methods or visual interpretation to coordinate rescue efforts, record building responses to the disaster, detect building failures, investigate access issues, and verify experimental disaster modeling. The data can also be gathered before a disaster in order to document immediate pre-event conditions of critical facilities and infrastructure, monitor susceptible environmental concerns, and document historical conditions and sites.

Alongside the comprehensive research herein, a large number of practical suggestions can be made concerning the effectiveness of the MQ-8B Fire Scout to provide humanitarian efforts post-natural disasters. However, the most important of all recommendations includes but is not limited to the following:

This contextual investigation is exploratory and is planned to fill in as a dispatch point for an additional examination into the utilization of UAVs for harm evaluation purposes after a disaster. The discoveries demonstrate the requirement for supplementary examination in regards to the authoritative structure of UAV use in a disaster reaction, network impression of UAV use, and how UAV pilots in misfortune fit into existing disaster hypothesis and research.

In light of authoritative perceptions, it is recommended disaster responders consider what will be required to institutionalize and formalize MQ-8B in a disaster. Both volunteer and paid automaton clients were observed leading harm appraisal work during Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. Either model ought to be upheld by the production of a national association committed to UAV use during calamity reaction, such as the National Association for Search and Rescue. Such an association may have the option to fill the watched hole in institutionalized aptitudes testing and preparing frameworks structured explicitly for the UAVs.

There is a significant collection of helpful guides to investigate the center around how new advancements and willful, "emergent" groups are coordinated into existing disaster reaction frameworks. In any case, there is the small current exploration attempting to apply these all-around created models to the moderately new utilization of non-military personnel UAVs in a disaster reaction. Little is known about the profile or qualities of UAV clients in a disaster scenario. A superior understanding of these socioeconomics will help the improvement of frameworks for planning endeavors and deciding the estimation of UAV-gathered information. Approaches created at this moment looking over the U.S. based, UAV calamity responders could be material to directing such research with non-U.S., UAV first responders.

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