phase 5 final nursing research

Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW

Lilisbet Alonso

Florida National University

Prof: Claudia Davis PhD, RN-BC

June 10, 2020

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1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will intensely discuss the existing knowledge in this similar area of research. This

will look into obesity causes, health and economic effects, steps, and programs to fight obesity

and, finally, the importance of these programs.

Obesity causes and effects

Obesity results from a combination of factors, individual and genetic factors together with

additional contributing factors in the society. On individual factors, the behavior is the leading

cause of obesity with low physical activity, lack or excess sleep, energy intake in excess of the

energy body needs, psychological conditions, and genetics. On low physical exercise, there has

been a decline in time for sports and physical exercises in schools, which is a major cause behind

obesity in children, with physical exercise associated with 23%-43% obesity risk management in

children (Anrig, 2003). In adults, the working lifestyle with no time for physical activity is

associated with the high cases of obesity in the world (Donnelly et al., 2009). Recent research

shows excess calorie intake is almost a sure way to obesity and caloric restriction remains a crucial

approach to clinical weight loss and weight management. Genetics can contribute to obesity, but

this is very minimal, with only 1% of cases being linked to hormonal causes (Neiman, 2004).

Mental health has also been linked to obesity cases being on the rise with negative feelings that

push one into depression, and most individuals turn into food for comfort. Obesity is linked to

vascular dementia risks in midlife by increasing this risk by 26%-35%. Recent research in the

united states shows that obese male individuals incur an extra $1152 annually, while female

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individuals incur an extra $3613 annually on medical bills associated with obesity as compared to

their other non-obese counterparts. (Cawley & Meyerhoefer, 2012)

Programs to fight obesity and their importance

The programs in place mainly feature deepened research into obesity and obesity mitigation in

the future. The AFRI childhood obesity prevention challenge area is a program in the united states

that focuses on obesity problems and other nutritional challenges (Koenings et al., 2016). This

program is of major significance since, in 2010, 17% of children within the age range of 2-19 years

were linked to obesity. This program has been a major step to reduce cases of child obesity in the

U.S. Another program is, the regional nutrition education program and obesity prevention centers

of excellence (RNECE), which was started to help in the dissemination of nutritional information

to help combat obesity crisis (Brewer et al., 2015). this program has been majorly used in

improving food and physical activity behaviors among the low-income members of the society in

the united states. According to Brewer et al., with the right information, the population is well

equipped to reduce obesity cases while also preventing it (2015).

2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter will briefly discuss the methodology which is used in the research, the process used

to collect the data from different sources such as identifying the relevant literature review by

finding a number of articles and academic journals on this similar area of research. This chapter

also discusses the process used to analyze the collected data and the procedure used to collect the

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data from empirical findings, the process that is to be followed to achieve the findings is outlined

in detail in the data analysis section.

Research Method

The method used to complete the research study is based on both the qualitative and quantitative

approaches to data acquisition. This is through the use of questionnaires, interviews, and earlier

research done in this field. Personal interviews and telephone interviews with nurses in the industry

are conducted to determine the impact of obesity on the nursing career. In some cases,

questionnaires on nurses are also used, and feedback is used as a source of data. Interviews and

questionnaires on obese individuals are also carried out to try and find answers to the set research

questions. To acquire quantitative data, a literature review is used to obtain the national average

number of individuals struggling with obesity and the economic consequences associated with this.

This research aims to come with the causes and effects of obesity on both individuals and nurses

providing services in the healthcare system. This research is also to establish the weight

management programs that can be put to combat obesity in the population.

Design of study

Data from the 2017-2018 center for disease control and prevention is used to get the statistics of

the obese population. This report also looks at the obesity statistics by CDC for 1999-2000 and

comes up with the percentage increase in cases of obesity in the population. This is used to make

predictions for future population statistics expected to be struggling with obesity if this issue is

not solved and continues increasing.

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Using the CDC report of 2008, it is also used to establish the economic consequences associated

with obesity in the population. In this one, the research compares the medical bill associated with

obese individuals as compared to other individuals in the population. It is also used to predict

future savings on medical bills that could be made from the elimination of obesity challenges in

society. The research also establishes the economic impact of obesity from individuals struggling

with obesity. Finally, there is data collection from healthcare systems to establish the economic

impact on these facilities from handling obesity issues.

This article also establishes the obesity and overweight management programs available to deal

with the obesity crisis. This looks into statistics of available local and state programs in place to

fight obesity in society. The already taken steps by these programs are established as we also focus

on the weaknesses of these programs and what further steps could be taken to deal with the obesity

crisis. Finally, the interviews and questionnaires are used to establish qualitative data on the

obesity issue and come up with suggestions from nurses and individuals on what could be done

to reduce obesity cases.

Data collection

Prior to the documentation of the report, the collection of data is started by framing a literature

review; a number of journals and research papers were referred to find and follow the procedure

for data acquisition. A qualitative research method is used to gather all the data which is required

to full fill the objectives of the present research study. The primary data collection method is based

on interviews and questionnaires, mainly. A questionnaire is formulated to help the members of

the community give us data on the nutrition practices on a daily basis. A questionnaire to nurses

is used to establish the impact of obese cases on their practice and the frequency of coming around

an obese case. Telephone interviews with nurses are also used in qualitative data collection.

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Quantitative data is gathered based on secondary sources available that look into the statistics of

obesity in the United States. There is also the use of national health reports on nutrition. Qualitative

data acquisition is used to get the numbers that are affected by obesity versus the number of

available nurses nationally in a move to compare the two and establish a greater number between

the two. America The quantitative research method is also used in establishing the economic

consequences associated with obesity in the community. This will establish the extra cost that is

predicted to be associated with obesity and the benefits that can be obtained by eliminating this

extra cost by combating obesity.

The sampling methodology

There is the use of different sampling methods to obtain information on obesity and the effects

associated with this. Considering it is not possible to collect information from every individual in

a group, only part of the group individuals can answer to interviews and questionnaires. The

methods used to sample individuals from a group of people are random, systematic, and stratified.

Random sampling is used in interviews and questionnaire administration to nurses in healthcare.

There is also the use of systematic sampling of obese individuals in conducting the interview and

questionnaire administration. The system sampling used is an interview for one individual out of

every four individuals we encountered in healthcare facilities. On stratified sampling, an interview

is done on every chief nurse in a healthcare facility to help bring out the bigger picture associated

with the obesity issue.

Necessary tools

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The research instruments used in this research are questionnaires and interviews for qualitative

data collection. Surveys are also used to obtain quantitative data from secondary sources.

Telephone calls are also used for the virtual interview to obtain primary research data on obesity.

Summary

In brief, this chapter has discussed the method of research that is employed to obtain the findings

and the methods used in collecting data, design of the study of the collected data is also briefly

discussed in this chapter. The data obtained in this chapter will be discussed in detail in the next

chapter of findings of the final findings of the present research study on obesity. References

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References

Cawley, J., & Meyerhoefer, C. (2012). The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables

approach. Journal of health economics, 31(1), 219-230.

Anrig, C. D. C. (2003). The obese child. Dynamic Chiropractic, 21(22), 27-31.

Neiman, P. (2004). Childhood Obesity. Retrieved on September 25th, 2004 from the World

Wide Web: http://ditk-kids.com/articles/childhood_obesity.htm.

Koenings, M. M., Perez, C., Krishnan, K., & Chester, D. N. (2016). Does the left hand know what

the right hand is doing? Part II: Alignment between the AFRI Childhood Obesity

Prevention Challenge Area Program and the 2010 Dietary Guidelines. The FASEB

Journal, 30(1_supplement), 433-2.

Brewer, D., Kurzynske, J., Mullins, J., Ammerman, A., Baker, S., Dollahite, J., ... & Vail, A.

(2015). Improving Health through USDA, SNAP & EFNEP: Regional Nutrition Education

and Obesity Prevention Centers of Excellence. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and

Dietetics, 115(9), A97.

Donnelly, J. E., Blair, S. N., Jakicic, J. M., Manore, M. M., Rankin, J. W., & Smith, B. K. (2009).

Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of

weight regain for adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(2), 459-471.