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Professor’s Comment:
The referencing and citing of scholarly work is mandatory to support the idea that is being presented in the participation discussion. ALL peer responses require an in text citation, a reference, and 6 or more sentences. References should be between 2018 to 2022.
Post 3:
According to the NIH (2022), more than 6 million adults in the United States have heart failure (HF). Aguanno & Samson (2018), explain that heart failure is a complex syndrome that
results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. The cardinal manifestations of HF are dyspnea and fatigue, which may limit exercise tolerance, and fluid retention, which may lead to pulmonary and/or splanchnic congestion and/or peripheral edema. Some patients have exercise intolerance but little evidence of fluid retention, whereas others complain primarily of edema, dyspnea, or fatigue. Because some patients present without signs or symptoms of volume overload, the term “heart failure” is preferred over “congestive heart failure.”
HF can develop suddenly (acute) or develop slowly over time as the heart gradually weakens (chronic) that can effect one or both sides of the heart (NIH, 2022). Most of the time, HF is caused by another medical condition that causes damage to the heart, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, heart arrhythmia, or viral illness (NIH, 2022).
Some key steps to preventing HF would be to monitor and treat high blood pressure, take measures to avoid coronary artery disease, such as regular exercise, low saturated fat diet, daily low dose aspirin after the age of 50, annual influenza vaccines and all recommended Covid vaccines. Additionally, medication compliance is extremely important, even if the patient does not have symptoms for example, of hypertension or arrhythmia. Routine visits with cardiologist are essential to treat any cardiac conditions that may lead to HF.
References
Aguanno, J., & Samson, L. (2018). Diagnosis and management of patients with heart failure. MLO: Medical Laboratory Observer, 50(1), 6–12.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022). What is heart failure? National Institutes for Health (NIH). https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-failure#:~:text=More%20than%206%20million%20adults,on%20heart%20failure%20in%20adults.
Post 4:
Cardiovascular disease is endemic, remaining the greatest cause of hospitalization and mortality. These can be described as a range of conditions that affect the heart, they include coronary artery diseases, arrhythmias congenital heart diseases heart muscles and valve diseases. Coronary artery disease is a heart condition that affects the major blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. It is usually common in people with high cholesterol levels and obesity when Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries buildup resulting in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis causes narrowing of the blood vessels and reduces blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body (Johnson, 2018). It can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Symptoms of coronary artery disease can include, chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort (angina),shortness of breath, pain in the neck, jaw, throat, pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in the legs or arms if the blood vessels in those body areas are narrowed
Coronary disease can sometimes be detected early with regular health checkups and if detected early lifestyle changes may be useful in the management of the disease. Lifestyle changes include low salt and fat saturated diet and regular exercises. Most people think that eating health involves purchasing expensive foods, however a balanced diet should have vitamins ,carbohydrates , fats and proteins in a balanced proportion. The best diet for preventing heart disease is one that is full of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, fish, poultry, and vegetable oils. Foods such as red and processed meats, refined carbohydrates, foods and beverages with added sugar, sodium, and foods with trans fat should be avoided if possible to reduce the risk of cardiac diseases. and normal weight maintenance (Rees, Takeda, Martin, Ellis, Wijesekara, Vepa and Stranges, 2019). Nowadays people usually live a sedentary life with minimal or no exercise at all, this predisposes them to cardiovascular conditions and therefore regular exercises for example a minimum of 30 minutes of exercise per day in an adult will help reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Smokers should quit smoking as it contributes to heart diseases.
Andrea R. Johnson, (2018).Cardiorespiratory Complexities. Pathophysiology clinical applications for Client Health. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-applications-for-client-health/v1.1/#/chapter/1
Rees, K., Takeda, A., Martin, N., Ellis, L., Wijesekara, D., Vepa, A., ... & Stranges, S. (2019). Mediterranean‐style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
Post 5:
Mild, nonacute cardiorespiratory conditions can hinder oxygen uptake and transportation, reducing energy production. To fully recover from a cardiopulmonary event, preventing further flare-ups is essential (Johnson, 2018). A patient's ability to avoid future flare-ups is a key part of keeping them from having to go back to the hospital and making it easier for them to get back to normal life. As part of promoting health and getting people ready for life after hospitalization, the nurse's job is to teach patients.
The process of becoming self-sufficient can be complicated by the inevitable adjustments that must be made as a patient adjusts to a new way of life. If the patient lives in a home with narrow stairs or hallways that are difficult for them to navigate now, these modifications could have an impact on their quality of life (Johnson, 2018). The patient's mental, cultural, and spiritual well-being are all important considerations that will impact recovery.
The American Nurses Association (ANA) states in 2016 that nurses have the knowledge and skills to inform patients about community resources (Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements,2016). The role of the nurse educator is highlighted, with the nurse working closely with the physician and other members of the interdisciplinary team to ensure the best possible educational experience for the patient. This is because nurses spend more time than any other healthcare professional directly interacting with patients.
To boost a patient's disposition and sense of self-worth, they will require psychosocial support in the form of counseling, support groups, and spiritual or religious affiliations (Johnson, 2018). In addition to the spiritual aspect, cultural factors should be considered. Spirituality has been shown to significantly contribute to the healing process in healthcare settings.
Having a healthy spirituality is something that should be encouraged and valued because it can help prevent, improve outcomes, and aid in coping. It is crucial to address any underlying spiritual issues as soon as possible, as they can impede the healing process (Kliewer, 2017). To a much greater extent than in the past, the medical community now recognizes the importance of holistic treatment and proactive health education.
Nonacute cardiorespiratory issues include conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). Breathlessness, persistent coughing, and frequent clinical exacerbations are hallmarks of COPD, a complex, systemic disease (Effing et al., 2017). Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have higher calorie needs because of the effort required to breathe (Slim Skinny's Reference Guide, 2016).
Consuming a healthy number of calories is a good way to lessen the likelihood of needing to return to the hospital after being released. Physical activity is recommended in addition to a healthy diet to boost cardiovascular health, muscle strength, bone density, and ADL mobility (Johnson, 2018). Giving people help to quit smoking is crucial because it is the only known way to slow the development of COPD. The state of New Mexico partially funds the quit line's services, which can be accessed at 1-877-262-2674 (TTY:711).
Those who participate in this smoking cessation program will have access to free counseling and smoking cessation aids. The success of a patient greatly depends on their receiving instruction on how to take their medications safely and effectively. Incorporating pulmonary rehabilitation into the treatment plan can help the patient become more self-reliant. Patients who take an active role in their care by attending appointments and asking questions are more likely to embrace their diagnoses and treatment plans.
References
Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements (1st ed.). (2016). Silver Springs. https://www.ana.com/10.107657?code_of_ethics
Effing, T., Van Der Valk, M. E., Zielhuis, P. P., Walters, E. H., Van Der Palen, J., & Zwerink, M. (2017). Self-management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, (4). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002991
Johnson, A. R. (2018). Cardiorespiratory Complexities. Pathophysiology clinical applications for Client Health. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-applications-for-client-health/v1.1/#/chapter/1
Kliewer, S. (2017, September). Allowing spirituality into the healing process. MD Edge. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.mdedge-live.s3.us/s3fs/September2017/5308JFP
Slim skinny's reference guide. (2016, July). COPD Foundation. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.file:users/ajhom/v1.3/WM.CV01
Post 6:
Usually, most patients with chronic heart diseases utilise their treatment programs as outpatients which in the long run helps control patients’ admission in the hospitals. However, there are means if employed would reduce patient readmission programs to create more space and time for other patients as well. Studies have shown that reinforcement of necessary knowledge to the patients by their professionals is a great implementation as patients learn basic measures to take during sudden attacks, things to do and avoid to control their condition and adjustments to make in their life to ensure proper health (Gold et Al., 2020). Also, early follow up programs with one’s health advisor within the first few days after discharge is vital to reduce readmission rates due unforeseen symptoms development and follow up on medication. In situations of several readmission occurrences hospitals are likely to incur high costs of revenue and increase in readmission penalties since all forms of medication and treatment are catered for by the hospital.
Readmission rates have a high negative risk on the hospital as it experiences high revenue spent on the daily basis especially high penalty payments. Communication with patients may also be a problem as patients would cease any available opportunity for treatment whereas the hospital needs to manage its records, maximise patient satisfaction at an individual level, lower health care costs and ensure quality treatment and medication methods. They also need to consider controlled number of patients demographically to enable proper hospital condition in terms of sanitation and reduce congestion issues (Upadhyay et Al., 2019). Furthermore, Patients may as well be affected by their readmission rates especially when their health facilities are of low quality thus limited to certain treatment programs access unlike high quality hospitals which have guaranteed maximum health attention thus enabling them manage their incomes and costs.
References
Gold, S. M., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Moss-Morris, R., Mehnert, A., Miranda, J. J., Bullinger, M., ... & Otte, C. (2020). Comorbid depression in medical diseases. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6(1), 1-22.
Upadhyay, S., Stephenson, A. L., & Smith, D. G. (2019). Readmission rates and their impact on hospital financial performance: a study of Washington hospitals. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 56, 0046958019860386.