Psychology

Running head: STUDY TWO METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION 1

PAPER IV: STUDY TWO METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION 4

Instructions for Paper VI: Study Two Methods, Results, Discussion (Worth 30 Points)

Ryan J. Winter (modified by Chit Yuen Yi)

Florida International University

Purpose of Paper IV: Study Two Methods, Results, and Discussion

1). Psychological Purpose

The psychological purpose behind Paper IV is to make sure you can summarize what you did in your second study, how you did it, and what you found in Study Two.

For the results section in Paper IV, you will provide information about your new sample of participants, materials, and procedure. Your Participant section goes first, and it includes descriptive statistics about your sample (means and standard deviations for age and percentages of gender and race/ethnicity). Your Materials subsection describe your study materials (i.e., the study questionnaire) in details. The Procedures subsections include information about what you did and how you did it. Your Paper IV Methods section will thus look a lot like your Paper II, but in Paper IV you will describe BOTH independent variables as well as important dependent variables (especially any new ones you added).

You will also write a new Results section. Since you now have two independent variables and potentially new dependent variables, you will not be able to reuse ANY content from Paper II. Rather, you will write a more complicated results section focusing on a 2 X 2 factorial design here.

Your Discussion section for Paper IV will be a short summary of what you found in that study. Similar to Paper II, you need to relate the results to at least one reference you cited in Paper III. You can make some educated guesses about why you found what you found, but keep the focus on study two only.

2). APA Formatting Purpose

The second purpose of Paper IV is to again teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting for methods and results. Pay attention to the instructions below as well as the lecture on APA formatting style (7th Edition).

3). Writing Purpose

Paper IV is intended to help you figure out how to update a Methods, Results and Discussion section using a 2 X 2 factorial design. This is more complicated than the One Way ANOVA you used in Paper II, but you should still be able to clearly and succinctly tell you readers what you did, how you did it, and what you found. Similar to Paper III, we will give you feedback and help in this paper. You will then be able to revise it for your final paper in the course (Paper V). Thus doing a good job on Paper IV will mean fewer revisions for the final paper.

Note: The plagiarism limit is 40% in this paper since your classmates are doing the same study two design and will have similar results. Don’t go higher than that, though!

Methods

This paper should be fairly easy for you! It is essentially a replication of your Paper II: Methods and Results (Study One) paper, except here you will extend that paper to include your second independent variable as well as any new dependent variables you may have created. You will also use a more complex data analysis process now that you have a 2 X 2 factorial design. Keep in mind that Study Two is different from Study One. It may use some of the same materials, but your descriptions in the methods section should be specific to your Study Two idea. If you reuse some of the same variables, please refer to study one (I encourage it! No need to repeat yourself if you are using identical materials) or describe them briefly, but if the elements are new make sure to FULLY describe them. The results themselves will be completely different, as the results section will take into account two independent variables, and your brief discussion will similarly be new. Below are some of the points to cover in this paper. I will highlight in purple the new components you should pay attention to for this paper.

1. Title Page: I expect the following format (1 point):

a. Use your headers and title information from your prior Paper III: Literature review. See prior instructions for more info about the title page.

2. Methods Section: I expect the following format (10 points):

a. Write Method at the front of this section, make it bold, and center it.

b. The participants section comes next. The word Participants is bolded and left justified. In this section …

i. As in Paper II, tell me who your participants were (family members, friends) and how many there were. If the number starts a sentence, then spell out the number. “Two-hundred and five participants …”. If it is mid-sentence, then you can use numerals. “There were 205 participants in this study.” Make sure this is for your NEW SAMPLE. This sample will differ from Paper II, so you will have to provide all new demographic data.

ii. Provide frequencies and descriptive statistics for the most relevant demographic characteristics.

1. For some variables, like ethnicity and gender, you only need to provide frequency information (the number of participants who fit that category). “There were 100 men (49%) and 105 women (51%) in the study.” Or “The sample was 49% male (N = 100) and 51% female (N = 105).”

2. Other variables, like age, are continuous variables, use descriptive statistics here (the range, mean, and the standard deviation). “Participants ranged from 18 to 77 (M = 24, SD = 3.50).” or “The average age of participants was 24 (SD = 3.50).” By now you should be able to find these on your own, but I will give you a hint: run frequencies and descriptives to get demographic data

c. Materials

i. Again, the words Materials is flush left. In the Materials section …

1. Provide information about your materials:

a. First, talk about the different versions of the FoMO Study. Provide enough detail so that your readers know how the conditions differ. (Hint: give example of 1-2 posts in the profiles that distinguish the four conditions or refer the reader to an appendix that has those materials!)

b. Second, fully describe your new independent variable for study two. For example, the additional IV may be whether participants are forewarned or not about the phenomenon of feeling of missing out. I need to fully describe that new IV in the methods for this second study

1. For example, study two MIGHT look at All and None conditions as two levels of one IV. However, we might also look at forewarning versus no forewarning as a second IV. This involves four cells: 1) Forewarning with All, 2) Forewarning with None, 3) No forewarning with All, and 4) No forewarning with None.

2. Make sure you have a clear idea about what your four different conditions look like.

c. Third, talk about your dependent variables (that is, your survey questions. For these DVs, once again provide enough detail so I know exactly what questions you asked. For each dependent variable, tell me how the responses were recorded (yes/no, true/false, a scale of 1 to 9, etc.). If you used a scale, note the endpoints. That is, does a 1 mean it is high or is it low? You need to discuss in details which statement(s) your chose to measure your two DVs, how you created these new variables, and what a higher score mean on each of these new variables.

d. Fourth, describe the demographic questionnaire in details.

e. Fifth, make sure to highlight which DVs you analyzed. If there are DVs participants completed but you did not analyze them, feel free to say those DVs were not analyzed.

f. Lastly, make sure to be specific about your attention / manipulation check question. There should be two attention check questions in Study 2 because you have two IVs.

d. Procedures

i. For Procedures section, the words Procedures is flush left.

a. First, talk about informed consent.

b. Second, tell your reader what your participants did in the order that participants did them. Make sure to mention the length of the study and how the questionnaires were administrated (Hint: Study Two is an online study)

c. Finally, mention debriefing process.

ii. There is no page limit for the methods section, but I would expect at least a page or two as you detail your materials and procedure. Missing important aspects of your IVs and DVs or presenting them in a confused manner will lower your score in this section. I suggest starting with your Materials. Then, tell your reader what your participants did in the order participants did them in Procedures. Be specific. Once again, make the new information VERY specific so that someone unfamiliar with your study could recreate your survey. If they can’t, you won’t do well.

3. Results Section: I expect the following format (10 points):

a. The results are the hardest part of this paper, so again, pay close attention to your lab presentation and book

b. First, write Results at the top of this section and center it boldface. This section comes directly at the end of the methods section, so the results section DOES NOT start on its own page.

c. For this assignment, include statistics about the most important variables in your study. For Paper IV: Study Two Methods, Results, and Discussion, your study design should be more complex than your study one. You are dealing with a factorial design now (that is, you have more than one IV), such as a 2 X 2 design. Let me walk you through the guidelines for a 2 X 2 design.

i. First, run manipulation checks using both of your IVs and the corresponding attention check questions. You will need to run two separate chi-square for this purpose.

ii. Second, run two 2 X 2 ANOVAs. Recall that this is univariate analysis of variance, but rather than focusing on one independent variable (like the One Way ANOVA), a 2 X 2 ANOVA looks at two different independent variables within the same test. YOUR job is to run two different 2 X 2 ANOVAs. Your first 2 X 2 ANOVA will focus on a dependent variable of your choice while the second 2 X 2 ANOVA will look at a different dependent variable. For EACH factorial ANOVA, you will report at least three F tests (an F for the main effect of IV #1, an F for the main effect of IV #2, and an F for the interaction). If your interaction is significant, then you may actually report additional F tests for each DV with the simple effects tests. I know this gets complex, so let’s break it down a bit and focus on just one 2 X 2 ANOVA. This test will yield two main effects and one interaction.

1. Main Effect #1 (IV #1): There will be a main effect in the ANOVA table for the first IV. Provide the degrees of freedom, F value, and p value. Regardless of whether it is significant, I want you to provide the means and standard deviation for both levels of the IV. For example:

a. “Using Friend Attendance condition (All vs. None) and forewarning (warned vs not warned) as our independent variables and participant’s emotional feelings in response to the Facebook post as our dependent variable. There was a significant Friend Attendance condition main effect, F( 1, 189) = 3.42, p < .05. Participants rated report higher level of negative feelings in the All condition (M = 5.24, SD = 1.21) than participants in the None condition (M = 2.24, SD = 0.89).”

Friend Attendance Condition Main Effect
All (M = 5.24)	None (M = 2.24)

2. Main Effect #2 (IV #2): There will be a F-test in the ANOVA table for the second IV. Provide the degrees of freedom, F value, and p value. Regardless of whether it is significant, I want you to provide the means and standard deviation for both levels of the IV. For example (and ONLY as an example, since YOUR study independent variables will differ and I don’t know what your lab chose), imagine your first IV is “Warning”. Your main effect write up for this example of warning will look like this:

a. “There was no main effect for forewarning, F(1, 189) = 1.97, p = .75. Participants did not differ in their emotional feelings in response to the Facebook post in the warned (M = 3.35, SD = 1.21) versus not warned (M = 3.21, SD = 0.87) conditions.”

Warning IV Main Effect
Warned (M = 3.35)	Not Warned (M = 3.21)

3. Interaction (IV #1 X IV #2): Finally, there will be an interaction for IV 1 X IV 2. Provide the initial interaction F test.

a. Interaction (either significant or not). That is:

i. “The interaction was not significant, F(1, 187) = 1.22, p =.XX.” or

ii. “The main effects were qualified by a significant Warning X Condition interaction, F(1, 187) = 6.61, p < .05.”

b. IF the interaction is not significant (i.e., p > .05), then just list the means and tell me they don’t differ. For example,

i. “This implies that participants in the All and warned condition (M = 3.76, SD = 1.27), the All and unwarned condition (M = 3.21, SD = 1.90), the None and warned condition (M = 3.72, SD = 1.87), and the None and unwarned condition (M = 3.78, SD = 1.45) did not differ from each other.”

c. However, IF there is a significant interaction, there are four more F tests you need to run (“simple effects” tests). This one gets complicated, I’ll show you an example write-up (normally, this can all go in the same paragraph):

i. First, simple effects showed that participants in the All condition responded more negatively when unwarned (M = 5.72, SD = 1.87) than when they are warned (3.78, SD = 1.45), F(2, 95) = 6.24, p < .05.

ii. Second, simple effects showed that participants in the None condition did not differ in their emotional feeling in the warned condition (M = 2.21, SD = 1.90) and unwarned condition (M = 2.72, SD = 1.27F(2, 93) = 1.13, p =.60.

iii. Third, for participants who were warned, simple effect tests showed that participants did not differ in their emotional feelings in the All (M = 3.78, SD = 1.45) and None condition (M = 2.21, SD = 1.90), F(2, 95) = 1.31, p =.45.

iv. Fourth, for participants in the no warning condition, simple effect tests showed that participants responded more negatively in the All condition (M = 5.72, SD = 1.87) than unwarned participants in None condition (M = 2.72, SD = 1.27), F(2, 95) = 3.11, p < .05.

Warning	Friend Attendance Condition
	All	None
Warned	All Warned (M = 3.78)	None Warned (M = 2.21)
Not Warned	All Not Warned (M = 5.72)	None Not Warned (M = 2.72)

4. Again, the warning is an EXAMPLE here. Your second independent variable will differ.

iii. You need to run four analyses in total. (two for the manipulation check and then two additional factorial ANOVAs).

d. Like the methods section, there is no page limit for the results section, though I would expect it to be at least a paragraph or two for each analysis.

4. Discussion Section (2 points)

a. In a short paragraph or two, write a brief discussion of your results. Tell me if you did or did not support your hypotheses. In this section, do NOT go into detail about the statistics. If I need that information, I’ll just look at your results section. Here, I just want a plain English summary of what you found.

b. You also need to relate your Study Two results to one of the references you cited in Paper III.

5. Appendices: Study Two (4 points)

a. I want to make sure you are including the correct numbers in your results section, so I want you to include all relevant SPSS tables for each of your analyses in a series of appendices. You can include these as appendices E, F, G, H, and I for study two since you have A, B, C, and D from study one already (or F, G, H, I and J if you have five appendices from study one). Thus, you should have a MINIMUM of nine appendices in your final paper, but just five appendices in Paper IV.

i. Appendix E: Demographic Information Study Two

ii. Appendix F: Chi Square (or other Manipulation Check for IV 1)

1. Make sure to include a table for your manipulation check. If you do a chi square for a nominal variable, this will include the cross-tabulation table and the chi square table.

iii. Appendix G: Chi Square (or other Manipulation Check for IV 2)

1. Make sure to include a table for your manipulation check. If you do a chi square for a nominal variable, this will include the cross-tabulation table and the chi square table.

iv. Appendix H: 2 X 2 ANOVA for DV 1

1. Make sure to include your descriptive statistics table and your Tests of Between Subject Effects table. If your interaction is not significant, you’re done. If it is significant, normally you would run simple effects follow up tests. You still need to run them, but for purposes of this appendix all I need to see is the original ANOVA table and the original descriptive table.

v. Appendix I: 2 X 2 ANOVA for DV 2

1. This is the same as the dependent variable above, but for a different dependent variable

b. Again, in the end, I expect five appendices for study two (one for demographics, one for each chi square and one for each 2 X 2 ANOVA).

c. Appendices will come at the end of the paper, after the References section.

6. Overall writing quality (3 points)

a. Make sure you check your paper for proper spelling and grammar. The FIU writing center is available if you want someone to look over your paper (an extra eye is always good!) and give you advice. I highly recommend them, as writing quality will become even more important on future papers.

b. Make sure to use the past tense throughout your paper. You already did the paper, so don’t tell me what participants are going to do.

c. Include the References section with the citation(s) you have in the Discussion.

Other Guidelines for Paper IV: Study Two Methods, Results, and Discussion

 

1. 1). Page size is 8 1/2 X 11” with all 4 margins set at one inch on all sides. You must use a Times New Roman 12-point font and double space all sentences/paragraphs in the paper.

1. 2). PLEASE use a spell checker to avoid unnecessary errors. Proofread everything you write. I actually recommend reading some sentences aloud to see if they flow well, or getting family or friends to read your work.

1. A significant interaction can get complicated. However, you need to learn how to run the simple effect tests and how to interpret and report them for future references. For the purpose of this class, you are not required to report the simple effect tests in your paper. If you do find a significant interaction effect in your 2 X 2 ANOVA, you need to state that you would run four additional simple effect tests after you report the F-tests for the main and interaction effects in the paper. If the interaction is not significant, you do not need to mention simple effect tests.

· Finally, go look at the supporting documents for this paper. There is a checklist, a grade rubric, and an example paper. All will give you more information about what we are specifically looking for as well as a visual example of how to put it all together. Good luck!