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Word Count: 1,253 Unit 6 Powerpoint.pptx
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SMOKING EFFECTS & REGULATIONS
TRADITIONAL AND E-CIGGERATES
BY: Zach King
2
Smoking has since been ruled unhealthy as it mainly causes lung cancer. For this reason, the U.S has various regulations that prohibit smoking especially in public places. With a special focus on nicotine, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration particularly treats the two known types of inhalable nicotine: traditional smoking
and E-cigarettes the same way. In this presentation, we explore the effects of both traditional and E-cigarettes and comment on comment on whether the latter should be treated and regulated the same way as traditional smoking. INTRODUCTION
TRADITIONAL SMOKING
The smoking of tobacco cigarettes
The cigarettes are burned from one end and the smock inhaled from the other for tasting and absorption into the blood stream. 3
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Cigarettes refer to narrow cylinders containing burnable substances, typically tobacco, which are rolled into thin papers for smoking. Cigarettes are also used to smoke other substances such as Cannabis. In British slang, a cigarette is known as a fag. Other names used to call a ciggerate for traditional smoking include cigs, ciggies, smokes, stogs, boges, and tabs. 3
E-CIGGARATTES
E-Cigarettes are electronic devices that stimulate tobacco smoking. They consist of an atomizer, a battery for power source, and a container such as a cartridge
or tank. In traditional smoking, the user inhales smoke, but in e-cigarretes, they inhale vapor; hence, the name "vaping.” 4
In e-cigarettes, the atomizer is a heating component, which atomizes a liquid solution known as e-liquid according to Primack et al. (2018). E-cigarettes are
activated by taking a puff or pressing a button. Some takes the resemblance of traditional cigarettes, and most versions are reusable. 4
THE ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
5
Anatomically, Nemsadze (2020) explains that the anatomy of respiration contains two major parts: The upper respiratory tract, and The lower respiratory tract
The upper respiratory tract—the organ outside the thorax comprises the nose, pharynx and larynx, while the lower respiratory tract—the organ within thorax is
made up of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli.
The main function of the upper airway is providing a passage for the breathing of the air in and out of the lungs. It also heats, humidifies and filters the air and is involved in cough, swallowing and speech. On the other hand, Nemsadze (2020) illustrates that the lower respiratory tract pulls in air from the upper respiratory system, absorb the oxygen, and release carbon dioxide in exchange. 5
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION 6
The physiology of respiration entails all the mechanisms and processes of gaseous transport and exchange between the atmosphere and the body tissues (Nemsadze, 2020)
In physiology, respiration refers to the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the
opposite direction. In mammals, Nemsadze (2020) argues that physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths. 6
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The main effect of smoke on gaseous exchange in the lungs is that it contains toxins, which damages parts such as the alveoli, thereby inhibiting inhalation and exhalation processes (McConnell, 2017).
HOW INHALATION OF SMOKE AFFECT GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
The toxins from inhaled cigarette smoke break the thin walls of alveoli, leaving larger, less efficient air sacs. The sacs also begin to lose their bounce, making
it harder to bring in the oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. 7
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E-smoking is associated with disturbances of: Pulmonary homeostasis
Gas exchange, and Reduced lung function
HOW INHALATION OF E-CIGARETTES AFFECT GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
Studies show that E-cigarette exposure can disrupt pulmonary homeostasis, with reports of gas exchange disturbance, reduced lung function, increased airway
inflammation and oxidative stress, down regulation of immunity, and increased risk of respiratory infection (McConnell, 2017). The cigarettes contain aldehydes, which are also associated with lung and cardiovascular diseases. They also contain acrolein, a herbicide primarily used to kill weeds, which can cause acute lung
injury and COPD and may cause asthma and lung cancer. 8
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING
PULMUNARY DISEASES
Lung cancer
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
COPD
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Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. In the United States, West (2017) opines that cigarette
smoking causes most cases of lung cancer. 9
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
CHD
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Stroke
Aortic aneurysm, and
PAD
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Cigarette smoking and involuntary exposure to cigarette smoke are major causes of CHD, stroke, aortic aneurysm, and PAD (West, 2017). The risk is seen both as
an increased risk of acute thrombosis of narrowed vessels and as an increased degree of atherosclerosis in the blood vessels involved. 10
VAPING PRODUCTS’ REGULATION
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ARE THEY ILLEGAL? E-cigarettes and vaping products are illegal in the United States of America under the FDA Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (Foltea, 2019).
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The FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes, e-liquid and all related products in August 8, 2016. Under this ruling , Foltea (2019) argues
that the FDA evaluates certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users. The FDA rule also bans access to minors. 11
VAPING PRODUCTS’ REGULATION
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IS IT RIGHT THAT THEY ARE REGULATED AS TRADITIONAL CIGGERATES? E-cigarettes are less harmful than traditional smoking. However, as Gispen (2019) suggests, the government is right to regulate them as traditional smoking.
The health effects of vaping are not clear but vaping is likely less harmful than smoking tobacco. Gispen (2019) argues that E-cigarette vapor contains fewer
toxins, in lower amounts, than cigarette smoke. E-cigarette vapor does also contain harmful chemicals not found in tobacco smoke. The World Health
Organization's position is that it is hard to say if vaping is safer than smoking and it is best to not use nicotine at all. As such, regulating its use as traditional smoking is right. 12
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Smoking has evolved greatly. From traditional smoking, e-cigarettes and vaping are the new smoking norm today. Generally, smoking is unhealthy causing respiratory problems and diseases such as stroke and lung cancer; hence, the strict governmental regulations on it through the FDA. Although e-cigarettes are less harmful than traditional smoking, they are still unsafe; hence, the FDA is right on regulating them the same way as traditional smoking. CONCLUSION
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Foltea, M. (2019). A ban on electronic nicotine delivery systems: Step one in the WTO discrimination analysis. The Regulation of E-cigarettes, 126-149.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788970464.00015 Nemsadze, K. (2020). Introductory chapter: Respiratory physiology. Respiratory Physiology. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94022
Gispen, M. E. (2019). A human rights approach to the regulation of electronic cigarettes. The Regulation of E-cigarettes, 99-125.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788970464.00014
Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Hoffman, B. L., Soneji, S., Sargent, J. D., Hoffman, R. M., & Fine, M. J. (2018). Initiation of traditional cigarette smoking
after electronic cigarette use among tobacco-na ve US young adults. The American Journal of Medicine, 131(4), 443.e1-443.e9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.005
McConnell, A. (2017). Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Respiratory Muscle Training, 3-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-5020-6.00001-7
West, R. (2017). Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology & Health, 32(8), 1018-1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325890
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THE ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
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The upper respiratory tract, and The lower respiratory tract
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The upper respiratory tract—the organ outside the thorax comprises the nose, pharynx and larynx, while the lower respiratory tract—the organ within thorax is made up of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli.
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HOW INHALATION OF SMOKE AFFECT GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
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The toxins from inhaled cigarette smoke break the thin walls of alveoli, leaving larger, less efficient air sacs.
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The toxins from inhaled cigarette smoke break the thin walls of alveoli, leaving larger, less efficient air sacs
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Student paper
The sacs also begin to lose their bounce, making it harder to bring in the oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
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HOW INHALATION OF E-CIGARETTES AFFECT GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS
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Effects of inhalation of smoking/e-cigarettes vapors on gas exchange in the lungs
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Studies show that E-cigarette exposure can disrupt pulmonary homeostasis, with reports of gas exchange disturbance, reduced lung function, increased airway inflammation and oxidative stress, down regulation of immunity, and increased risk of respiratory infection (McConnell, 2017).
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Studies show that E-cigarette exposure can disrupt pulmonary homeostasis, with reports of gas exchange disturbance, reduced lung function, increased airway inflammation and oxidative stress, downregulation of immunity, and increased risk of respiratory infection
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Cigarette smoking and involuntary exposure to cigarette smoke are major causes of CHD, stroke, aortic aneurysm, and PAD The risk is seen both as an increased risk of acute thrombosis of narrowed vessels and as an increased degree of atherosclerosis in the blood vessels involved
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Under this ruling , Foltea (2019) argues that the FDA evaluates certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non- users. The FDA rule also bans access to minors.
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Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users The FDA rule also bans access to minors
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The health effects of vaping are not clear but vaping is likely less harmful than smoking tobacco.
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