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BIO 1100-18I-SP20L-S5, Non-Majors Biology•Unit VI PowerPoint Presentation•Submitted on Tue, Jun 09, 2020, 2:52 PMView Originality Report - Old Design

Felicia Stluce

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EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING

The image is retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=effects+of+e-cigarettes&client=firefox-b-d&sxsrf=ALeKk027uz68fylR47dxdh3ehe060ZF-dQ:1591684225370&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp4OPmjfTpAhVGCxoKHTC0CnMQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgrc=bHiKTinpjXpDpM

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Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration

There are upper and lower respiratory tracts The upper respiratory tract include the nose, larynx, pharynx Comprises of mucus and hairs to help trap dusts, smoke and other small particles.

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Pharynx or throat helps in opening of the passage way for air to the larynx Larynx or voice box is the passage way between the throat above to the trachea below The upper respiratory tract includes the nostrils, the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the epiglottis, and the larynx.

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The upper respiratory tract is lined a mucous membrane. Mucus helps to trap smoke, dust and other small particles. The membrane is lined with cilia (hair-like structures that move the mucous upwards only the upper respiratory tract).

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The lining of the tract and the close laying blood vessels (especially in the nose) help to warm and moisten air as it passes.

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The pharynx, commonly called the throat, is a passageway that extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

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It serves both the respiratory and digestive systems by receiving air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity. Inferiorly, it opens into the larynx and esophagus.

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The larynx, commonly called the voice box or glottis, is the passageway for air between the pharynx above and the trachea below.

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It extends from the fourth to the sixth vertebral levels.

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The larynx plays an essential role in human speech. During sound production, the vocal cords close together and vibrate as air expelled from the lungs passes between them.

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Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration

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The lower respiratory tract include the parts within the thorax including trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and alveoli ducts.

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In the lungs, each bronchus divides into secondary and tertiary bronchi, which continue to branch to smaller airways called the bronchioles.

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The bronchioles end in air sacs called the alveoli. Alveoli are bunched together into clusters to form alveolar sacs.

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Gas exchange occurs on the surface of each alveolus by a network of capillaries carrying blood that has come through veins from other parts of the body

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The trachea, commonly called the windpipe, is the main airway to the lungs. It divides into the right and left bronchi at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, channeling air to the right or left lung.

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The cartilage in the tracheal wall provides support and keeps the trachea from collapsing.

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The mucous membrane that lines the trachea is similar to that in the nasal cavity. Mucus traps airborne particles and microorganisms, and the cilia propel the mucus upward, where it is either swallowed or expelled.

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The alveoli are grouped together like a lot of interlinked caves, rather than existing as separate individual sacs. The alveoli have a structure specialized for efficient gaseous exchange: the alveoli walls are extremely thin;

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they have a large surface area in relation to volume, they are fluid lined enabling gases to dissolve;

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and they are surrounded by numerous capillaries.

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The Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration

The image clearly illustrates the various parts of the human respiratory system starting from the nose to the lungs.

Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Respiration&client=firefox-b-d&sxsrf=ALeKk01pZJfN9E21ZZMyMbupCn8-VPd2Lg:1591684545136&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD1KD_jvTpAhVBExoKHT80Bj8Q_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgrc=yuQpca96nRHQ_M

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Effects of inhalation of smoke and E-cigarette vapor The toxins from inhaled cigarette smoke break the thin walls of alveoli, leaving larger, less efficient air sacs. The sacs also begin to lose their bounce, making it harder to bring in the oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

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Both can become partially trapped in the lungs.

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In a smoker, this process signals the beginning of emphysema a form of COPD

The smoke eventually gets into the lungs and the process is not sufficient enough to let all the air out thus leaving much smoke within the lungs.

The fact that there are chemicals and other substances in the smoke makes it a challenge to get rid of the air entirely thus leaving people with chemicals and smoke within their lungs that starts an on set of issues.

The damage that emphysema causes in the lungs is irreversible such that if it takes place then the air sacs will never be the same.

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For instance, if exposure to cigarette smoke stops soon enough, the damage can be halted. If smoking continues, there will come a point where lung damage will progress regardless of whether a person stops smoking or not.

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Effects of inhalation of smoke and E-cigarette vapor The two primary ingredients found in e-cigarettes (propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin) are toxic to cells.

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E-cigarettes produce a number of dangerous chemicals including acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde that directly cause lung disease, as well as cardiovascular disease.

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In addition, E-cigarettes also contain acrolein, a herbicide primarily used to kill weeds and can cause acute lung injury and COPD and may cause asthma and lung cancer. The two primary ingredients found in e-cigarettes include (propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin) are toxic to cells.

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E-cigarettes produce a number of dangerous chemicals including acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde that directly cause lung disease, as well as cardiovascular disease.

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In addition, E-cigarettes also contain acrolein, a herbicide primarily used to kill weeds and can cause acute lung injury and COPD and may cause asthma and lung cancer.

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Effects of inhalation of smoke and E-cigarette vapor Inhaling secondhand e-cigarette emissions becomes evident when an e-cigarette user exhales the chemical cocktail created by e-cigarettes leaving those around as potential smokers.

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Secondhand emissions contain nicotine;

ultrafine particles;

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flavorings such as diacetyl that is a strong chemical linked to serious lung disease. In addition, there are traces of other volatile organic compounds such as benzene, also found in car exhaust;

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and heavy metals, such as nickel, tin, and lead. Inhaling secondhand e-cigarette emissions becomes evident when an e-cigarette user exhales the chemical cocktail created by e-cigarettes leaving those around as potential smokers.

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Secondhand emissions contain nicotine;

ultrafine particles;

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flavorings such as diacetyl that is a strong chemical linked to serious lung disease. In addition, there are traces of other volatile organic compounds such as benzene, also found in car exhaust;

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and heavy metals, such as nickel, tin, and lead.

The Adverse effects of Vaping through the Respiration and other parts of the body

The image clearly indicates how the various parts of the body respond over time of inhaling the smoke from vaping

Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=effects+of+e-cigarettes&client=firefox-b-d&sxsrf=ALeKk027uz68fylR47dxdh3ehe060ZF-dQ:1591684225370&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp4OPmjfTpAhVGCxoKHTC0CnMQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgrc=1SCXPtbrdqHjVM

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Specific disease associated with smoking

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Having COPD makes it hard to breathe.

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There are two main forms of COPD:

Chronic bronchitis which involves a long-term cough with mucus that trap oxygen making it a challenge to exchange air.

Emphysema Also a form of COPD which involves damage to the lungs over time.

Emphysema is a condition that involves damage to the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung.

Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is inflammation (swelling) and irritation of the bronchial tubes.

These tubes are the airways that carry air to and from the air sacs in your lungs.

The irritation of the tubes causes mucus to build up.

This mucus and the swelling of the tubes make it harder for your lungs to move oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of your body.

Emphysema When emphysema develops, the alveoli and lung tissue are destroyed.

With this damage, the alveoli cannot support the bronchial tubes.

The tubes collapse and cause an “obstruction” (a blockage), which traps air inside the lungs.

Too much air trapped in the lungs can give some patients a barrel-chested appearance.

Also, because there are fewer alveoli, less oxygen will be able to move into the bloodstream.

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Specific disease associated with smoking

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Heart Disease People who smoke are four times as likely to develop heart disease than those who do not.

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Nicotine in cigarettes reduces the amount of oxygen your heart gets and also raises your heart rate putting more stress on your heart. One in 5 deaths from heart disease are related directly to smoking.

Stroke Smoking doubles the chances of one having a stroke despite the age

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smoking causes a lack of oxygen in the blood and makes the heart work harder.

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This makes blood clots form more easily and then the clots can block blood flow to the brain and cause a stroke.

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Heart Disease People who smoke are four times as likely to develop heart disease than those who do not.

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Nicotine in cigarettes reduces the amount of oxygen your heart gets and also raises your heart rate putting more stress on your heart. One in 5 deaths from heart disease are related directly to smoking.

Stroke Smoking doubles the chances of one having a stroke despite the age

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smoking causes a lack of oxygen in the blood and makes the heart work harder.

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This makes blood clots form more easily and then the clots can block blood flow to the brain and cause a stroke.

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Specific disease associated with smoking

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Lung cancer men who smoke are 23 times more likely to get lung cancer and women who smoke are 13 times more likely.

Oropharyngeal cancer The type of cancer is evident in the mouth that is a result of smoking or chewing tobacco.

Esophageal cancer Cancer of the throat which is more prevalent in smokers as a result of the squamous cell carcinoma present in the lining of organs that is a result of tobacco use

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Lung cancer Research shows that men who smoke are 23 times more likely to get lung cancer and women who smoke are 13 times more likely making it concerning and one of the leading factors that contribute to the formation of cancer.

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        2,468	06/09/20	17146598-c901-b929-83d1-2d481e6af75c	e4c7cb22-dfdb-e269-3e43-1aaf00db5647

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