prof tommy

Once the Civil War began in earnest, each side took action to try to put themselves in the best position to win the war. President Lincoln quickly began passing laws designed to strengthen the Northern economy and the Northern war effort. Among these pieces of legislation were acts designed to hurt the Confederate war effort. Perhaps the most notable of these was the Emancipation Proclamation (Documents 1 and 2), which freed all slaves in the Confederacy except in those regions already under Union control: Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern Louisiana, where slavery would be allowed to continue. Slavery, of course, was still permitted in the border states that remained a part of the Union, as well. Why do you think this was the case? What effect did Lincoln believe the Emancipation Proclamation would have on the Southern war effort? How did the Confederacy feel about the Emancipation Proclamation?

The Civil War was an incredibly difficult time for Americans and required the efforts of nearly every citizen. Soldiers who fought for the Union and the Confederacy dealt with incredible hardships, as you’ll read in Documents 3-6. What were some of those hardships? What kept men of each side fighting for their respective causes?

On the homefront, things weren’t much easier. For women, the Civil War was something of a mixed bag. It provided both positive and negative experiences. There were some women who were involved very directly in the Civil War. Women in both the North and South immediately formed volunteer aid societies, providing armies with medical supplies, food, clothing and money (Document 7). Women also volunteered their time as nurses (Document 8), and some women were even paid for their labor, though the stipends were often small. But life on the homefront, particularly the Southern homefront, where the majority of the war’s battles were taking place, was also full of destruction and hopelessness, as you will read in Document 9. What was life on the homefront like? Why do you think it was easier for Northern women to get involved in the war effort? How does Carrie Berry’s description of the Union occupation illustrate the devastation Southerners went through in this war?

Confederate President Jefferson Davis was forced to take stock of the Confederacy’s position at many junctures. At the start of the hostilities, the Confederacy was confident that they were strong enough to survive the challenges being posed by the Union, but by 1865, it became clear that the Confederacy could no longer hold on. In Document 10, General Robert E. Lee discusses the heart-wrenching decision to surrender and end the war. How did things change for the Confederacy over the course of the war? Were their aims realistic?

At the conclusion of the war, a war fought both to preserve the Union and, ultimately, to end slavery, the American government made a formal and final declaration about the institution of slavery—the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was passed at the war’s end (Document 11), fully abolishing slavery and moving the nation closer toward a place where all men truly were created equal.

Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, towit:

"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.

"That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States."

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, towit:

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. Johns, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New-Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South-Carolina, North-Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northhampton, Elizabeth-City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth); and which excepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.

And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.

And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.

By the President: ABRAHAM LINCOLN

I know you have reason to conclude that I have almost forgotten you, to judge by the infrequency of my letters to you, but nothing could be more erroneous than such an idea. When you knew how much trouble I had in 1861, that was nothing to my trials and troubles since [Union troops occupied the area]....

American ideas of liberty have totally changed since the Negro war organ [the occupation government] and education for them [the freedmen] is soon to be the order of the Day by Regular Military order. While as far as I know the white children are to grow up in ignorance or mix in the same cabin with the Negro with the same Yankee Marm for the teacher! How much farther this system is to go is broadly hinted at in the newspapers of the North with what real foundation I have as yet no means of judging but with the prevailing tendency to fanaticism at the North I would not be at all surprised if 'miscegenation' became the fashion as well as the Sentiment of those people....

We are fixed to our present boundaries by the lever of "military necessity." And we only wish that we may be as well off as we are at the end of the present year. I dread the events of the immediate future filled as it is of potent events for good or evil to all. You no doubt look with painful anxiety to the fate of these last days in the conflict of arms, which cannot be very far off in the future.

Letter from James Kelly to Mary Kelly, 1861

...This is a dreary wet day, it has been raining all day long so hard that we cant do anything but write to our friends.... Something must be terribly wrong in the post office department, there has been but 2 letters recd in our regiment, since we left Indianapolis.... I tell you now there can be no pleasure for any man in the army, & especially while on the march. I don't know what I should do if I should take sick here in these mountains. Most of the time it has been wet & cold, especially at night, a sick man has but little chance for his life here.... The tops of the mountains have been completely enveloped in dense clouds all day--the high ranges of mountains in the distance have the appearance of a volcano in full blast, with the fog curling above the dark clouds below....

We had an alarm last night at 10 o"clock. We all expected a fight, one of the Sentinels got frightened, & fired his gun, & then the alarm paged all around the camp until some guns were fired, all the men was called out, & placed in line of battle, where we stood ready to fire on any one approaching the camp, all in the most perfect silence for three long hours. When we were told the alarm was failed, & ordered to our quarters. It was amusing to see the boys...coming out half dressed, some without their guns, others their shoes and hats....

Letter from Edgar Pierce to Frederic Pierce, 1862

I received your letter last Sunday morning and will freely admit that I was very much pleased to see that you had really devoted a whole sheet to your unworthy brother away down South in Dixie and in the midst of Secesh [the Confederacy], but although it is a[n] exciting fact, it is here that we are in the midst of Secesh [Confederates] for they lay all around us in the shelf of death, and now only a few rods from [us are]...over 250 dead bodies and all secesh, we did not bury Union men & rebels together at all.... A great number of them were killed on Sunday & when I rode on the field on Friday last dead bodies could still be seen lying round in the brush. It was an useful 24 hours work, but thank fortune now all is quiet and we still sit ...in our own beds.... But...we know not at what time the hole may open again in all its fury. We are directly in the advance, but now they have moved hosts of our army to the front and we are back of the center, and cannot be surprised as we were before....

He [the enemy] will at least make a desperate resistance, if he does not make another attack himself, he is said to have an army of 120,000 at his command, but he may not hold this number, 5 rebel deserts that came here a day or two ago say there he used all the eloquence he was master of to get his men to make an advance on us again but was unable to get his men to come up to fire. If this is true than it shows that his men are sensible to the last, for the probability is great they will get whipped most outrageously, if they do try again, for we are the conquerors, and they are whipped and disheartened.... We are flushed with victory and they are disheartened by defeat, they were too confident on last Sunday evening a week ago, when Beauregard telegraphed home that this was a second Manassas [Bull Run], that the Yankees fought with stubbornness, and with the bravery of despair, but the southern blood was too much for them, and that the Federals were completely whipped, in the next morning, he would take and kill the whole of the Federal forces....

[Confederate] General Beauregard is an able General, or he would not have caught us in the way he did before. I can't help admiring him as a military man, though I do wish someone had been lucky enough to shoot him. However Sidney A. Johnston [sic], who was the Commander in Chief was killed, and I have stood over his body....

I have rode over this field and through the dead...when the stench was so intolerable that my company, and old soldiers at that, had to throw their dinners all overboard, and that on horseback too....I had human bodies for my landmarks from Monday till Friday night, and by that time they were so bloated that you could hardly tell what they were, and Union men at that...literally torn all to pieces, heads gone and bodies cut right in two...."

Upton Hill [Va.] January the 12 1862

My Dear Wife it is with grate joy I take this time to let you know Whare I am i am now in Safety in the 14th Regiment of Brooklyn this Day i can Adress you thank god as a free man I had a little truble in giting away But as the lord led the Children of Isrel to the land of Canon So he led me to a land Whare fredom Will rain in spite Of earth and hell Dear you must make your Self content i am free from al the Slavers Lash and as you have chose the Wise plan Of Serving the lord i hope you Will pray Much and i Will try by the help of god To Serv him With all my hart I am With a very nice man and have All that hart Can Wish But My Dear I Cant express my grate desire that i Have to See you i trust the time Will Come When We Shal meet again And if We dont met on earth We Will Meet in heven Whare Jesas ranes Dear Elizabeth tell Mrs Own[ees] That i trust that She Will Continue Her kindness to you and that god Will Bless her on earth and Save her In grate eternity My Acomplements To Mrs Owens and her Children may They Prosper through life I never Shall forgit her kindness to me Dear Wife i must Close rest yourself Contented i am free i Want you to rite To me Soon as you Can Without Delay Direct your letter to the 14th Reigment New york State malitia Uptons Hill Virginea In Care of Mr Cranford Comary Write my Dear Soon As you C Your Affectionate Husban Kiss Daniel For me

John Boston

Give my love to Father and Mother

Morris Island [S.C.]. Sept 28th 1863.

Your Excelency will pardon the presumtion of an humble individual like myself, in addressing you. but the earnest Solicitation of my Comrades in Arms, besides the genuine interest felt by myself in the matter is my excuse, for placing before the Executive head of the Nation our Common Grievance: On the 6th of the last Month, the Paymaster of the department, informed us, that if we would decide to recieve the sum of $10 (ten dollars) per month, he would come and pay us that sum, but, that, on the sitting of Congress, the Regt would, in his opinion, be allowed the other 3 (three.) He did not give us any guarantee that this would be, as he hoped, certainly he had no authority for making any such guarantee, and we can not supose him acting in any way interested. Now the main question is. Are we Soldiers, or are we LABOURERS. We are fully armed, and equipped, have done all the various Duties, pertaining to a Soldiers life, have conducted ourselves, to the complete satisfaction of General Officers, who, were if any, prejudiced against us, but who now accord us all the encouragement, and honour due us: have shared the perils, and Labour, of Reducing the first stronghold, that flaunted a Traitor Flag: and more, Mr President. Today, the Anglo Saxon Mother, Wife, or Sister, are not alone, in tears for departed Sons, Husbands, and Brothers. The patient Trusting Decendants of Africs Clime, have dyed the ground with blood, in defense of the Union, and Democracy. Men too your Excellency, who know in a measure, the cruelties of the Iron heel of oppression, which in years gone by, the very Power, their blood is now being spilled to maintain, ever ground them to the dust. But When the war trumpet sounded o'er the land, when men knew not the Friend from the Traitor, the Black man laid his life at the Altar of the Nation, -and he was refused. When the arms of the Union, were beaten, in the first year of the War, And the Executive called more food. for its ravaging maw, again the black man begged, the privelege of Aiding his Country in her need, to be again refused, And now, he is in the War: and how has he conducted himself? Let their dusky forms, rise up, out the mires of James Island, and give the answer. Let the rich mould around Wagners parapets be upturned, and there will be found an Eloquent answer. Obedient and patient, and Solid as a wall are they. all we lack, is a paler hue, and a better acquaintance with the Alphabet. Now Your Excellency, We have done a Soldiers Duty. Why cant we have a Soldiers pay? You caution the Rebel Chieftain, that the United States, knows, no distinction, in her Soldiers: She insists on having all her Soldiers, or whatever, creed or Color, to be treated, according to the usages of War. Now if the United States exacts uniformity of treatment of her Soldiers, from the Insurgents, would it not be well, and consistent, to set the example herself, by paying all her Soldiers alike? We of this Regt. were not enlisted under any "contraband" act. But we do not wish to be understood, as rating our Service, of more Value to the Government, than the service of the exslave, Their Service is undoubtedly worth much to the Nation, but Congress made express, provision touching their case, as slaves freed by military necessity, and assuming the Government, to be their temporary Gaurdian:--Not so with us-- Freemen by birth, and consequently, having the advantage of thinking, and acting for ourselves, so far as the Laws would allow us. We do not consider ourselves fit subjects for the Contraband act. We appeal to You, Sir: as the Executive of the Nation, to have us Justly Dealt with. The Regt, do pray, that they be assured their service will be fairly appreciated, by paying them as american SOLDIERS, not as menial hierlings. Black men You may well know, are poor, three dollars per month, for a year, will suply their needy Wives, and little ones, with fuel. If you, as chief Magistrate of the Nation, will assure us, of our whole pay. We are content, our Patriotism, our enthusiasm will have a new impetus, to exert our energy more and more to aid Our Country. Not that our hearts ever flagged, in Devotion, spite the evident apathy displayed in our behalf, but We feel as though, our Country spurned us, now we are sworn to serve her.

Please give this a moments attention

James Henry Gooding

Letter from Christian Epperly to Mary Epperly, 1863

My Most Dear Companion

I am happy to say to you that I am well and have another opportunity of answering your kind letter which came to hand last evening which gave me great pleasure to hear from you and to hear that you and the Children was well you don't know how glad I am when I hear you are so favorable blest with health. I hope God will still bless us with such grate blessing while we happen to be apart. and I hope the Time not far distant when we will have the pleasure of meeting in person again. You don't no how glad I would be if I was just there with you. This morning to see the sun rise over the hills in Virginia again for everything seems so sad and desolate here this morning. It seems like the ashes of dear friends and the present conflictions of things has brought deep reflection and sadness upon every heart....but I hope this is a sign God has provided to bring this time of sorrow to an end and to give us peace in our land again. Though I believe the South first started on a just course but our wickedness and disobedience has brought to what we are: I firmly believe we will be bound to give up to subjugation. I don't think the South will stand much longer and I am sorry to say it, for we will be a ruined people.... But we ought to submit to every thing to have this awful war ended and I pray to God it will end yet....

Dear Mary you wrote in your letter that I should write whether we got plenty to eat or not: we can make out on what we get by buying things at a very high price: we draw a pound of meal a day without being sifted and a pound of bean and 1/3 of a pound of bacon. That is all.... The meal...makes very bad bread. Potatoes cost us six dollars a bushel and beans a dollar a peck only you cant by many at that price. as to other things they are so high we cant by at all.

Diary of Louis Leon, 1864

January 8 - It has been snowing, and is very cold. Some of the boys have formed a dramatic company, and I went to see them play "Toodles." There were two men shot in our brigade for desertion to-day. Nothing of interest until 11th.

January 11 - Left our camp at sun-up, got five miles and halted in the woods. We have been detailed to run two sawmills, and we are now putting up winter quarters there.

January 16 - Nothing more until to-day. W. R. Berryhill has got the smallpox. Quite a number of us were in the same quarters with him, but none of us caught the disease. I was detailed to work at the mills, and therefore I am learning a new trade. Live and learn.

January 20 - Hard work until to-day, when we were sent out to lay a plank road. While at work General Lee and his daughter rode by us, and soon after a courier came from his headquarters and gave us some woolen socks and gloves - sent to us from his daughter. Nothing more worth recording this month.

February 2 - While hard at work in the woods,

hauling stocks for the mill, my furlough came, for eighteen days. So I was relieved. On the 3d I left camp and got home on the morning of the 6th. It took me several days to get accustomed to living as a civilian, as I have been in camp for two years at a stretch. I had a very good time, and will always be grateful for the kindness shown me by every one while at home.

February 23 - Reached camp to-day, and found that my regiment had marched once since I left. This was the first I missed since my regiment was formed. Nothing more this month.

March 1 - Raining hard. Left camp at 9 this morning, halted at dark nine miles from Madison Court House. Snowing to-night. We had a hard road to travel, and when we got to our destination the enemy had gone.

March 2 - Started back to camp. The weather was clear and cold. Got there at 7 in the evening, and I stiff from walking. We marched eighteen miles to-day.

March 3 - Left camp at 8 this morning to intercept General Kilpatrick, who is scouting in our lines. We formed in line of battle, had all the roads guarded, when we found out that he was already on his way to the peninsula, so we returned to camp. Twenty miles to-day.

March 4 - I am as stiff as an old man this morning from yesterday's march on the plank road.

From the principal cities and town of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island... and many other towns, boxes came filled with new blankets, sheets, comforters, pillows, towels, socks, mittens, bandages, and many little articles of convenience for the soldier's private use, such as needle books, pin cushions, handkerchiefs, games for amusement, little boxes of salve for sores and wounds, all showing the thoughtful sympathy and affection of the noble women of the country....

It was an interesting spectacle to see these boxes opened in the store rooms of the Commission, and on examination to find socks and mittens (of which there were many thousands pairs,) in anticipation of the needs of the winter,) tracts and manuscript letters, full of words of advice, encouragement and sympathy. Sometimes there would be found in the toe of a sock a letter address,

To the soldier who shall wear these socks: Be of good cheer! May these socks keep you feet warm, while you stand on your post, or march on to battle and victory!

May the rebellion soon be subdued, and you have the satisfaction of having aided in the glorious work.

Sometimes quite lengthly epistles would be folded up in these presents, with the names and address of the writers given, and we have known some very pleasant correspondence to follow from these friendly missive to the soldiers. In one instance a pocket bible was contained among the sanitary stores, having the name and address of the giver, and was given to an intelligent and faithful soldier at Rolla, who wrote the lady an acknowledgment of the gift, and a very interesting and profitable correspondence resulted.

January 1863

Union Hotel Hospital, Georgetown, D.C.

Monday, 4th … .

Till noon I trot, trot, giving out rations, cutting up food for helpless “boys”, washing faces, teaching my attendants how beds are made or floors are swept, dressing wounds, … dusting tables, sewing bandages, keeping my tray tidy, rushing up and down after pillows, bed-linen, sponges, books, and directions, till it seems as if I would joyfully pay down all I possess for fifteen minutes' rest. At twelve the big bell rings, and up comes dinner for the boys, who are always ready for it and never entirely satisfied. Soup, meat, potatoes, and bread is the bill of fare. Charley Thayer, the attendant, travels up and down the room serving out the rations, saving little for himself, yet always thoughtful of his mates, and patient as a woman with their helplessness. When dinner is over, some sleep, many read, and others want letters written. This I like to do, for they put in such odd things, and express their ideas so comically, I have great fun interiorally, while as grave as possible exteriorally. A few of the men word their paragraphs well and make excellent letters. John's was the best of all I wrote. The answering of letters from friends after some one had died is the saddest and hardest duty a nurse has to do.

Aug. 13. Sat. We have had a very quiet day to day. We have all ben very buisy trying to work some while we could get out in safety. We fear that we will have shells to night. We can hear muskets so plane.

Aug. 14. Sun. Sure enough we had shells in abundance last night. We averaged one every moment during the night. We expected every one would come through and hurt some of us but to our joy nothing on the lot was hurt. They have ben throwing them at us all day to day but they have not ben dangerous. Papa has ben at work all day making the cellar safe. Now we feel like we could stay at home in safety. I dislike to stay in the cellar so close but our soldiers have to stay in ditches.

Aug. 15. Mon. We had no shells this morning when we got up and we thought that we would not have any to day (but, my, when will they stop) but soon after breakfast Zuie and I were standing on the platform between the house and the dining room. It made a very large hole in the garden and threw the dirt all over the yard. I never was so frightened in my life. Zuie was as pale as a corpse and I expect I was too. It did not take us long to fly to the cellar. We stayed out till night though we had them all day but they did not come so near us again.

Aug. 16. Tues. We had shells all night. There was a large piece came through Mama's room directly after we went to bed and fell on the little bed and I expect if we had been sleeping there some of us would have ben hurt. Cousin Henry and Cousin Eddy came to see us to day. They told us that they did not think the Federals would be here much longer to torment us and I hope that it may be so for we are getting very tired of living so.

Aug. 17. Wed. Nothing of interest has hapined to day. We have stayed very closed in the cellar. Mama ran up to Aunties to see how a shell had ruined her house yesterday.

Aug. 18. Thurs. When I woke this morning I thought the hole town would be torn up. The cannons were so near and so loud but we soon found out that it was our guns so we have ben very well content all day. We have had less shells to day tan we have had in a week.

Aug. 19. Fri. Auntie went down to Grandpa's this morning and I missed her so much. That is the only place I had to run to. I have ben knitting on my stocking some today and sewing some to day.

Aug 20. Sat. We have had shells all day. They have not ben hitting very close to us but they have been giving them to Uncle Markham. He like to had his house burnt up by one passing through the house and set some cotton on fire which they had layed on the flore. I expect if they had ben at home some of them would have ben hurt.

Aug. 21. Sun. This was a dark rainy morning and we thought we would have a quiet Sunday but we were disappointed. Papa says that we will have to move down town some where. Our cellar is not safe.

Aug 22. Mon. I got up this morning and helped Mama pact up to move. We were glad to get out of our small cellar. We have a nice large cellar here where we can run as much as we please and enjoy it. Mama says that we make so much noise that she can't here the shells. (Cellar of house on Alabama street between Pryor and Central Avenue).

Aug. 23. Tues. We feel very comfortable since we have moved but Mama is fretted to death all the time for fear of fire. There is a fire in town nearly every day. I get so tired of being housed up all the time. The shells get worse and worse every day. O that something would stop them.

Aug 24. Wed. We have ben frightened twice to day by fire. I have ben wanting to go home all day to get some grapes but it has ben too dangerous.

Aug. 25. Thurs. Mama woke me up irly this morning and told me there were no shells falling and told me I must run over and see what had become of Aunt Healy. We had not herd from her in so long. I stayed til after dinner. We had such a nice dinner and so many nice grapes but best of all we had no shells all day.

Aug. 26. Fri. Cousin Henry came in this morning and told us we need not fear the shells any more. The Yankees left there brest works and he hoped they were on the way back to Tennessee. We have had such a delightful day. We all wanted to move to day but we will wait til to morrow and see if the Yankees have gone.

Aug. 27. Sat. We moved home this morning and we have ben buisy trying to get things regulated. I feel so glad to get home and have no shells around us.

Aug. 28. Sun. Everything seemed so quiet this morning. I wish the people would come back so we could have Church and Sunday School. Mr. came in this morning and brought some shells which Cousin Henry sent us. He got them from the Yankees. Cousin Eddy came in this morning to tell us goodby. We feel sorry he was going to move so far. We all ways love to see him and Cousin Henry.

Aug. 29. Mon. Zuie and I went over to Aunt Hattie Smiths this morning to see if we could find our school teacher We stayed all day with her. We had a very pleasant time playing with Ellen.

Aug. 30. Tues. Miss Fannie Homes came around this morning to see about her school. I was so glad to see my old teacher once more. I hope she will commence her school. I am tired of staying at home.

Aug. 31. Wed. I have ben knitting all the morning and Zuie and I are going over to spend the night with Aunt Healy. I know we will enjoy ourselves.

Sept. 1. Thurs. We did not get home untill twelve o'clock. We had a very pleasant time and every thing seemed quiet. Directly after dinner Cousin Emma came down and told us that Atlanta would be evacuated this evening and we might look for the federals in the morning. It was not long till the hole town found it out and such excitement there was. We have ben looking for them all the evening but they have not come yet. Mr. came in to tell us that dear Cousin Henry was wounded and he thought he would not get well. We are so sory to here it. We loved him so much. I finished my stockings to day.

Sept. 2. Fri. We all woke up this morning without sleeping much last night. The Confederates had four engenes and a long train of box cars filled with amunition and set it on fire last night which caused a grate explosion which kept us all awake. It reminded us of the shells - of all the days of excitement we have had it to day. Every one has been trying to get all they could before the Federals come in the morning. They have ben running with saques of meal, salt and tobacco. They did act rediculous breaking open stores and robbing them. About twelve o'clock there were a few federals came in. They were all frightened. We were afraid they were going to treat us badly. It was not long till the Infantry came in. They were orderely and behaved very well. I think I shall like the Yankees very well.

Sept. 3. Sat. 1864. The soldiers have ben coming in all day. I went up to Aunties this morning and she said that she had a yankee officer to spend the night with her. We have not seen much of them. Only two of them have ben here to beg some thing to eat. We have had a rainy day and we all feel gloomy.

Sun. Sept 4. Another long and lonesome Sunday. How I wish we could have Church and Sunday School. We have ben looking at the soldiers all day. They have come in by the thousand. They were playing bands and they seemed to be rejoiced. It has not seemed like Sunday.

Mon. Sept. 5. I helped Papa tack a matress and it blistered my hands but it was for my bed and I think I shall sleep so nice that it will pay me. We have seen nothing to day.

Tues. Sept. 6. This has been a dark gloomy day and we feel gloomy too. I have ben wanting to see Grandma all day. I commenced knitting me a pair of gloves but I don't know when I will get them done.

Wed. Sept. 7. The times get a little worse every day. Mary went of this evening and I don't expect that she will come back any more but we can do very well without her. I will have to go to work to help Mama.

Thurs. Sept. 8. We all went to wirk in glad spirits this morning. Me and Tilo went to ironing. Mama was buisy regulating things when Papa came and told us that Gen. Sherman had ordered us to move. It broke all into our rangements.

Fri. Sept. 9. We all comenced this morning to prepare for moving. We don't know how long we will get to stay here. We are all in so much trouble.

Sat. Sept. 10. Every one I see seems sad. The citizens all think that it is the most cruel thing to drive us from our home but I think it would be so funny to move. Mama seems so troubled and she can't do any thing. Papa says he don't know where on earth to go.

Sun. Sept. 11. We all have been trying to rest to day and feel contented. Mama went over to see Aunt Healy this evening and she felt as sad as we.

Mon. Sept. 12. We commenced packing up to move. We did not do much. Papa herd up town there was a chance for us to stay if he could get into business.

Tues. Sept. 13. Papa got into business to day and the rest of us went to wirk in good earnest thinking that we will get to stay. I hope that we will get to stay. Mama dislikes to move so much.

Wed. Sept. 14. I helpt to wash till dinner time and then I got dinner by myself. It made me very warm and tired but I supose I will have to learn to wirk. I have ben resting all the evening and I think I will sleep right sound to night if the musquitoes dont bite me too much…

…Sun. Oct. 30. I have ben over to Julia Lowry this evening. They are all ready to move and it looks like every body is going to leave here from the way the soldiers are moving about. Our sargent left us this morning. We all were sorry to part with him. He has ben a very good friend to us.

Mon. Oct. 31. All of the soldiers have left from behind the garden and all ,but every thing seems so quiet. Ella came up this evening and spent the evening with me.

Tues. Nov. 1. I have ben sewing on Sisters apron while Mama made me a pare of shoes and I have ben up to Aunt Marthy once or twice.

Wed. Nov. 2. It has ben a cold and rainy day. I have ben sewing to day and studying some too. Papa has made my shoes and they are very nice.

Thurs. Nov. 3. I ironed some this morning and sewed some this evening. Me and Zuie went up to see Aunt Marthy.

Fri. Nov. 4. Nothing of interest has happened to day. It is the repote that the federals are going to have to leave Atlanta and we are afraid that we will have to leave too.

Sat. Nov. 5. I have hemmed Sister an apron and skirt. Mama has ben buisy drying up some tallow and I had to stay in the house.

Sun Nov. 6. Cold and cloudy day. Mama sent me around to Mrs. Lesters this morning to see if she was going away and she said she was going to stick tite to her house.

Mon Nov. 7. Every boddie seems to be in confusion. The black wimmen are running around trying to get up north for fear that the Rebels will come in and take them.

Tues. Nov. 8. This is Zuie's birthday and she has be very smart. We lost our last hog this morning early. Soldiers took him out of the pen. Me and Buddie went around to hunt for him and every where that we inquired they would say that they saw two soldiers driving off to kill him. We will have to live on bread.

Wed. Nov. 9. Aunt Marthy got fritened last night and began to pack to leave and we have ben bringing thing home that she gave us.

Thurs. Nov. 10. Me and silvie ironed to day and we were done by twelve o'clock and I hemmed Sister and apron in the afternoon. Aunt Marthy did not get off to day and we hope that she will stay.

Fri. Nov. 11. This is the last day that cars are going out to Chattanooga. We are erbliged to stay here now. Aunt Marthy went down to the carshed and I expect that she got off as she has not ben back.

Sat. Nov. 12. We were fritened almost to death last night. Some mean soldiers set several houses on fire in different parts of the town. I could not go to sleep for fear that they would set our house on fire. We all dred the next few days to come for they said that they would set the last house on fire if they had to leave this place.

Sun. Nov. 13. The federal soldiers have ben coming to day and burning houses and I have ben looking at them come in nearly all day.

Mon. Nov. 14. They came burning Atlanta to day. We all dread it because they say that they will burn the last house before they stop. We will dread it.

Tues. Nov. 15. This has ben a dreadful day. Things have ben burning all around us. We dread to night because we do not know what moment that they will set our house on fire. We have had a gard a little while after dinner and we feel a little more protected.

Wed. Nov. 16. Oh what a night we had. They came burning the store house and about night it looked like the whole town was on fire. We all set up all night. If we had not set up our house would have ben burnt up for the fire was very near and the soldiers were going around setting houses on fire where they were not watched. They behaved very badly. They all left the town about one o'clock this evening and we were glad when they left for no body know what we have suffered since they came in.

Thurs. Nov. 17 Everything was so quiet we were afraid that the yankees will come back and finish burning the houses but they did not. They have left. Some Confederates came in here to day and the town is full of country people seeing what they can find. We have ben picking up some things.

Fri. Nov. 18. We children have ben plundering about to day seeing what we could find. Mama has been trying to straiten up for the house was torn up so bad.

Sat. Nov. 19. Mama and me have ben ironing all day. We have begun to feel at home but it does not look like Atlanta. The Citizens all met at the City Hall and . There are eighty men in town.

Sun. Nov 20. This has ben a cold and rainy day but the country people have ben in town plundering.

Mon. Nov. 21. This has ben such a bad day raining and snowing and we have stayed close by the fire.

Tues. Nov. 22. It is just a week to day since the federals were burning. Papa and Mama say that they feel very poor. We have not got anything but our little house. It is still very cold.

Wed. Nov. 23. It has ben more pleasant to day. I went over with Ella to the city hall to get some hickery nuts but we did not get many. As we came home I went down with Ella to bery her guinea pig.

Thurs. Nov. 24. Papa went down to Grandpa's this morning and Mama has ben washing and I have ben nursing Sister for she was not very well. We all feel very lonesome.

Fri. Nov. 25. We have ben very lonesome to day, Papa being gone. The Country people are picking up everything. Miss Hatttie Lester stayed all night with us.

Sat. Nov. 26. I ironed this morning and in the afternoon I picked up nails and when I came home Papa and Grandpa were here. The Yankees payed Grandpa a visit and took every thing he had and they browt bad news that Uncle Osker was dead….

After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of North Virginia, has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources.

I need not tell the brave survivors of so many hard fought battles who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this result with no distrust of them; but feeling that valour and devotion could accomplish nothing that would compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuance of the contest, I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen.

By the terms of the agreement officers and men can return to their homes and remain there until exchanged.

You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a Merciful God will extend to you his blessing and protection.

With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration for myself, I bid you all an affectionate farewell.

Article XIII.

Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the part shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

1. Pretend you are living in the South during the Civil War and are supportive of the Confederate cause. Write a series of diary entries discussing your thoughts on slavery, the Union occupation, soldiers fighting in the war, and the Confederate surrender. You should be sure to use specific examples and quotes from the primary sources in your diary entries.

2. What effect did the Civil War have on slavery and African Americans, both positive and negative? You should be sure to use specific examples and quotes from the primary source documents in the course of your 1-2 page essay.

3. JOURNAL OPTION: For this chapter of OB, instead of answering Question 1 or 2, you may instead choose to turn in a 2-4 page typed document (double-spaced) with brief notes on each document in the chapter, as well as 5 questions about the chapter’s material. Please see the handout under Files titled “Journal Notes/Questions Guide” for more specific instructions on how to do this properly.

Works Cited Document 3: Digital History. (1861-1862). Digital History. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Union Soldier Letters: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=172 ; http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=138 ; http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=150 Document 6: Digital History. (1863). Digital History. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Christian M. Epperly letter to Mary Epperly, his wife: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=158 Document 2: Digital History. (1864). Digital History. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Tobias Gibson to his daughter Loula Gibson: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=168 Document 11: Digital History. (1864). Digital History. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Thirteenth Amendment Resolution: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=165 Document 10: Digital History. (1865). Digital History. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Robert E. Lee Proclamation of surrender: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=176 Document 6: Documenting the American South. (1913). Documenting the American South. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from L. Leon (Louis) Diary of a Tar Heel Confederate Soldier: http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/leon/menu.html Document 7: Fuller, N. B. (1864). Items. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Ferman, R.G. The Western Sanitary Commission: A Sketch: http://users.stlcc.edu/mfuller/luas/luastext/items.htm Document 8: Houghton Mifflin Social Studies. (1863, January). Houghton Mifflin Social Studies. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Excerpts from Louisa May Alcott's CIvil War Journal: http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bke1/sources/bke1_template.jsp?name=alcottlm&bk=bke1&state=ca Document 4: Workshops in American History. (1862, January 12). Workshops in American HIstory. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Letter from John Boston: http://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/emancipation/docs/johnboston.html Document 1: Workshops in American History. (1863, January 1). Workshops in American History. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Emancipation Proclamation: http://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/emancipation/docs/emancipation.html Document 5: Workshops in American History. (1863, September 28). Workshops in American History. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Letter for Corporal James Henry Gooding: http://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/emancipation/docs/jhgooding.html Document 9: www.americancivilwar.com. (1864, August). www.americancivilwar.com. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from Carrie Berry Diary: http://www.americancivilwar.com/women/carrie_berry.html

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