12 hours
Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
Chapter 7:
The Classic Theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Classic Psychological Theories
Psychoanalytic field
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Classic Theories
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud was born in 1856
Lived most of his life in Vienna
Earned a medical degree
Spent time working in fields of hypnosis and hysteria
Became interested in a “talking cure”
Self-analysis contributed to the development of his theories
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Freud’s Theory of Personality
Deterministic view
Behavior directed by unconscious biological urges
Urges involved sex and aggression
Psychosexual stages
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Structure of Personality
Id
Driven by pleasure principal
Ego
Ruled by the reality principal
Attempts to influence over id and superego
Super ego
Concerned with moral reasoning
Inhibits the impulses of the id
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Defense Mechanisms
Endopsychic conflicts emerge between personality structures
Defense mechanics are employed
Occur unconsciously
Distort reality enabling time for ego to strengthen
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Types of Defense Mechanisms
Projection
Reaction formation
Fixation
Regression
Repression
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Conscious-Unconscious
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Latency stage
Genital stage
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychotherapy Process
Opening phase
Counselor obtains important history from client
Understanding of client’s unconscious conflicts
Development of transference
Projecting thoughts and feelings onto counselor
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychotherapy Process
Working through
Toward gaining insights
Resolution of transference
Work toward termination
Working through resistance
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychoanalysis Techniques
Free association
Dream analysis
Confrontation and clarification
Interpretation
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Ego-Analytic Position
Noninstinctual factors are emphasized
The ego is autonomous from the id
Ego facilitating adaptation to the environment through coping skills
Psychosocial and interpersonal variables are emphasized
Later stages of development are important
Psychopathology occurs when the needs associated with developmental tasks are not met
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Brief Approaches to Counseling
Garske and Molteni’s (1985) six factors promoting change in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
A contract is established with the client
A statement of goals and objectives is established
The analyst takes an active approach
The analyst interprets links between the client’s current problems and relationship with analyst
The time-limited approach arouses issues relating to separation
The termination phase of therapy is characterized by working through problems associated with separation and individualization
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Alfred Adler
Born in 1870
Medical degree from University of Vienna
Colleague of Freud's, but relationship conflictual
Founded “individual psychology” theory
Emphasis on early experiences with family of origin: family constellation
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adler’s Theory of Personality
The creative self
Center from which all life movement generates
The concept of teleologial movement
All behaviors in terms of movement
Behavior understood from an interpersonal perspective
People do not behave in isolation
The psychology of use
All behavior has a use that propels an individual toward a goal
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adler’s Theory of Personality
The phenomenological psychology
Understanding from client’s internal frame of reference
Emphasis on social interest
Tendency toward affiliation
Motivating force
The lifestyle
Basic orientation to life
Recurrent patterns/themes
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adler’s Theory of Personality
A holistic psychology
Understand overall individual
Cannot be separated
Striving for significance
Individual strive to avoid inferiority
Striving for superiority feelings
The family constellation
Birth order
Family size
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adlerian’s Psychotherapy
Mosak and Maniacci (2011) summarized major goals of Adlerian psychotherapy
Increasing clients’ social interest
Helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and reducing inferiority feelings
Modifying clients’ lifestyle in terms of views and goals
Addressing faulty motivation
Helping clients feel a sense of equality with others
Assisting clients to become contributing members of society
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adlerian’s Psychotherapy Techniques
Phase 1: Establish relationship
Listening skills
Winning respect and offering hope
Encouragement
Phase 2: Analysis and assessment
Phase 3: Promoting insight
Phase 4: Reorientation
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Carl Jung
Born 1875 in Switzerland
Earned medical degree, specialized in psychiatry
Religious underpinnings
Colleague of Freud, but disagreed with his underlying tenets
Integrated religion, mythology, archeology, literature, history, and philosophy into the study of psychology
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Jung’s Theory of Personality
The ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Personality Types
Extroverted
Outgoing
Introverted
Introspective
Personality is also differentiated on four factors
Thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Jung’s Theory of Counseling
Emphasis on unconscious
Utilizes dream analysis
Goal to help self-emerge
Gain insight to structures of personality
He was cautious about using techniques
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective © 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc