Study on Financials

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TIGIST SHIFERAW Comment by Patricia Hennington: Hi Tigist! I am Patricia, your grader for this touchstone today.

ENGLISH COMPOSITION II

FEBRURY,22,2022

Climate change is among the most significant health threats facing humanity. Health professionals worldwide are already dealing with the health harms that result from the unfolding issues. Climate change is already affecting health in several ways (Dokin et al., 2018). This may include death and sicknesses due to extreme weather events such as heatwaves, storms, floods, the disruption of food systems, maximizes in zoonosis and food, water as well as vector-borne illnesses, and well as mental health conditions. In addition, climate change tends to undermine the majority of the social determinants for good health, such as livelihoods, equality, and access to healthcare and social support structures Comment by Patricia Hennington: Remove.

The climate-based health risks are inappropriately felt by the majority of the vulnerable and disadvantaged, which may include women, kids, ethnic minorities, poor communities, migrants as well as displaced individuals, older people, and those who have underlying health challenges. Extreme weather events, for instance, floods, storms, and heatwaves that result from climate change, impact the environment and social determinants of health. This leads to water, food, and vector-borne sicknesses, disrupted food systems as well as mental health problems (Curtis et al., (2017). Thus, climate change is a major health threat facing humanity today.

Since climate change is now identified as a public health issue, it is now hard to separate it from the list of determinants that worsen the social determinants of health (WHO, 2021). In regard to the social determinants of health, climate change can impact people's good health. The maximized frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, wildfires, and droughts threaten the lives in the front-line communities, thus riving persons from their homes and destroying their source of food as livelihoods. This maximizes the rate of hunger and poverty in this place. The majority of the persons that live in poverty depend on agriculture as well as natural resources to survive (WHO, 2021). Comment by Patricia Hennington: Ending with a citation is a clear indication that you have not written a concluding sentence for the paragraph, therefore add a closing sentence here that ties back to your topic sentence.

Climate change maximizes the existing health and social inequities. Climate change tends to worsen the environmental conditions through ozone pollution related to chronic sicknesses and injury. It leads to social and economic dislocations, mostly affecting disadvantaged communities (Garfinkel, 2021). This is because they are at least able to have the ability to prepare for and recover from heat waves, poor air quality, flooding as well as other impacts. The effects of climate change on health are mainly based on the individual and community vulnerability and resilience. In the United States, these aspects are based on forces that no person cannot control (Sellers, Ebi, & Hess, 2019). Some of the factors that contributed to inequalities include: existing inequalities in the distribution of money and power; historical disinvestment in a number of communities; discriminatory activities as well as policies with time; high pollution burdens and inappropriate access to resources of health. Due to this, low-income communities and people of color are inappropriately impacted by the health effects of climate change. Basically, climate change may impact the society through impacts on several social, cultural and natural resources. Comment by Patricia Hennington: You need to provide support for these statements. Citation is needed. Ending with a citation is a clear indication that you have not written a concluding sentence for the paragraph, therefore add a closing sentence here that ties back to your topic sentence.

Climate change may as well cause limited access to health care to some people. Extreme weather events can disrupt infrastructure, which may include utilities, transportation, and communication systems, critical to maintaining access to emergency services and health care. The number of disasters have maximized by a factor of five in a period of 50 year period caused by climate change. From 1970 to 2019, weather, climate and water hazards accounted for 50% of all the disasters (WMO, 2021). The hospital supply chain can also be disrupted, thus resulting in a shortage of essential pharmaceutical and medical appliances. Additionally, people's physical health and changes in the surrounding environment can impact their mental health. Extreme weather events may impact mental health mainly in cases of loss of life and home, images of extreme weather events in the media, disruption of communication lines, and social support networks that people with mental sickness require to be healthy. The mental health consequences of event associated with a changing global climate include mild stress and distress, as well as high risk coping behaviors. Comment by Patricia Hennington: You need to provide support for these statements. Citation is needed. Ending with a citation is a clear indication that you have not written a concluding sentence for the paragraph, therefore add a closing sentence here that ties back to your topic sentence

Climate change tends to highly impact the environmental determinants of health. These are external agents, which may include biological, chemical, physical, social, and a culture that is causally linked to a change in health status. These can be termed as environmental influences which tend to be involuntary. First, just like any other aspect on earth, the lakes, rivers, streams, oceans, and the water cycle are highly impacted by climate change, thus leading to unsafe drinking water. High water temperatures may cause eutrophication as well as excess algal growth that may result to poor drinking water quality (Ahmed, Zouneat-Kermani, & Scholz, 2020). As the air gets warmed up, it causes warmer waters, heavier rainfalls in some areas, and droughts in others, thus resulting in a harmful cycle.

Climate change leads to intense heavy downpours, droughts, and rising water temperatures. This tends to interfere with the quality of drinking as well as recreational water. Bacterial and viruses thrive in this condition and when people consume them tend to lead to various sicknesses. Contamination of drinking water by bacteria, viruses, and protozoa can lead to the outbreak of sicknesses, such as diarrheal sicknesses legionella, campylobacter, and cholera—some parts of the world experience different patterns of flooding as well as drought (Pokhrel et al., 2021). Drought can minimize the earth's capacity to absorb water when precipitation occurs as more intense storms or as hurricanes, which can lead to flooding and, later, poor quality of water. For instance, in Sahel, droughts tend to be more intense. Temperatures are rising about 1.5 times more than the other parts of the world. It as well causes heavy rains. However, the land tends to be very dry to accommodate the rising waters, therefore, destructive river floods and a number of flooding episodes were therefore identified in Mali and Niger in 2019 (Solidarites International, 2020).

In regard to hunger ad undernourished persons, climate change tends to be a major threat. Extreme weather-based disasters have minimized the production of major crops and led to the maximized cost of food as well as a reduction in income. The disasters have inappropriately impacted low-income persons and their access to food, which is why they majored in the relationship between climate change and food security. More than 70% of the globe's population gets the majority of the daily nutrients from plants, and climate change is already leading to droughts as well as flooding, which can alter the staple food crops (FAO, 2015). Basically, climate change puts at risk the food supplies of individuals in developing and developed countries.

Climate changes can as well affect the quality of local air. Atmospheric warming related to climate change can maximize ground-level ozone in various parts of the world, affecting compliance with the ozone standards in the future. The concentration of particulate matter and ozone in the air has led to increased climate warming, air stagnation, rising temperature, and carbon dioxide maximize pollen, molds, and spores, which maximize the risk of allergic respiratory illnesses (Demain, 2018).. Given that climate change can impact many unexpected and persistent impacts on allergic respiratory illnesses, it is important to advocate for efficient mitigation and adaptation techniques to reduce its respiratory health impacts.

Since air pollution and greenhouse gases are mostly produced from similar sources, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be used to reduce climate change. This can be achieved through improving the insulation of buildings, traveling in more fuel-efficient vehicles, and using more effective electrical appliances in order to minimize energy use as well as CO2 production. It can also be used to reduce personal energy use by turning off lights and electronics when they are not being used to minimize the demand for electricity (Antoshkina & Shmeleva, 2020). Minimizing the distance that is traveled in vehicles minimizes petroleum consumption.

To manage climate change, it is essential to adapt to life in a changing climate, and this mainly involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate. It will aid in managing the vulnerability to the dangerous impacts of climate change. It mainly involves making the most of any beneficial opportunities related to climate change. People have been adjusting to and coping with changes in climate as well as extremes with various levels of success. People are required to learn to adapt; the more the climate changes, the harder it could be. People have majored on building flood defenses, plan for heat waves and high temperatures, establish water-permeable pavements to address the issue of floods and storm water, and enhance water storage and use. Comment by Patricia Hennington: Not for sure what is meant here! Comment by Patricia Hennington: According to who?

Technological innovation should as well be promoted to deal with climate change. Some technological solutions such as solar panels and wind turbines that turn sun and wind into electricity without producing greenhouse gases are effective ways of dealing with climate change (Popp, 2020). As technologies have scaled up and converted energy more effectively, they have now reduced in price to become cheaper compared to fuels worldwide.

Additionally, consumer appliances and equipment standards should be introduced. They are retrofitting buildings that involve modifying existing commercial buildings, enhancing energy efficiency or decreasing energy demand. It involves upgrading the energy performance of commercial building assets for their ongoing life. Renewable energy can be used to reduce carbon pollution and has minimal carbon pollution and has minimal impact on the environment. They do not produce carbon dioxide as well as other greenhouse gases, which lead to global warming. Renewable energy may aid in reducing the electricity sector’s emissions by about 81 percent (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2017). This may also involve introducing feed on tariffs, market-based appliances, and fiscal instruments to improve the investment in clean energy (Hayes, et al., 2018). They are promising small-scale energy producers, which is an above-market price for that which they delivered to the grid.

Carbon dioxide is a global pollutant resulting from maximized human activities. This is because it is mainly a result of burning fossil fuels, producing chemicals in the air, minimizing the level of forest cover, and the rapid expansion of farming and industrial operations, producing carbon dioxide in the air and changing the balance of the climate system. High atmospheric carbon dioxide contributes to almost 75% of the total energy imbalance that causes Earth temperature rise (Herndon, 2019). Comment by Patricia Hennington: This does not relate to the thesis.

Additionally, the developing nation is responsible for about 63% of the current carbon emissions. This is due to increased deforestation due to resource exploitation and urban expansion (Harmsen et al., 2020). The problem tends to be getting worse between the years of 2008 to 2013 air pollution levels around the world rose by 8 percent. Despite improvement in specific parts of the world, air pollution has worsened showing that the citizens in the developing nations now face a high risk of lung cancer heart disease, stroke as well as other illnesses (Camfil, 2017). Comment by Patricia Hennington: Counterargument: show why your position is the right one to have in a paragraph, Remember, you are discussing climate change.

Conclusion Comment by Patricia Hennington: A good conclusion will remind your reader of the main points of your research and reflect on the implications of that research which ties back to your thesis statement.

Climate change has a major impact on the cost to individual health. It can impact both the social and environmental determinants of health, which may include clean air, safe drinking water, food, and shelter. The direct damage costs to health are about 4 billion per year by 2030 (WHO, 2021). Minimizing emissions of greenhouse gases through effective transport, food, and energy-use options can lead to enhanced health, mainly through minimized air pollution. Comment by Patricia Hennington: The conclusion is what you have found in your work (review or research) and should be written all by yourself. There is no need to use citations in the conclusion.

References Comment by Patricia Hennington: Any reference that appears in the text of your essay must be cited on the reference page, and any item appearing on your reference page must be also included somewhere in the body of your essay.

Antoshkina, A., & Shmeleva, I. A. (2020, June). Smart Solutions for Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Arctic Cities. In International Conference on Digital Transformation and Global Society, 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65218-0_23

Ahmed, T., Zounemat-Kermani, M., & Scholz, M. (2020). Climate Change, Water Quality and Water-Related Challenges: A Review with Focus on Pakistan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(22), 8518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228518

Camfil. (2017). How To Fight Air Pollution In Developing Countries. Retrieved from https://cleanair.camfil.us/2017/10/30/air-pollution-in-developing-countries/

Curtis, S., Fair, A., Wistow, J., & Oven, K. (2017). Impact of extreme weather events and climate change for health and social care systems. Environ Health,  16, (128). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0324-3

Donkin, A., Goldblatt, P., Allen, J., Nathanson, V., & Marmot, M. (2018). Global action on the social determinants of health. BMJ global health, 3(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000603

FAO. (2015). Climate change and food security: risks and responses. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/i5188e/I5188E.pdf

Garfinkel, N. (2021). EPA: Climate change disproportionately affects marginalized communities. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/epa-report-climate-change-marginalized-communities-391492c7-bedf-4d98-9208-58e84ed03f48.html

Harmsen, M. J., van Dorst, P., van Vuuren, D. P., van den Berg, M., Van Dingenen, R., & Klimont, Z. (2020). Co-benefits of black carbon mitigation for climate and air quality. Climatic Change, 163(3), 1519-1538. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02800-8

Herndon, J. M. (2019). Role of atmospheric convection in global warming. J. Geog. Environ. Earth Sci. Intn, 19(4), 1-8.

Union of Concerned Scientists. (2017). Benefits of Renewable Energy Use. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/benefits-renewable-energy-use

Popp, D. (2020). International technology transfer, climate change, and the clean development mechanism. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journal/reep

Pokhrel, Y., Felfelani, F., Satoh, Y., Boulange, J., Burek, P., Gädeke, A., ... & Wada, Y. (2021). Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 11(3), 226-233. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-00972-w

Solidarites International. (2020). The Sahel in the midst of climate change. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/chad/sahel-midst-climate-change

Sellers, S., Ebi, K. L., & Hess, J. (2019). Climate change, human health, and social stability: addressing interlinkages. Environmental health perspectives, 127(04). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4534

WHO. (2021). Climate change and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health

WMO. (2021). Weather-related disasters increase over past 50 years, causing more damage but fewer deaths. Retrieved from https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/weather-related-disasters-increase-over-past-50-years-causing-more-damage-fewer

Reflection Questions

Provide one example of a place where you have used rhetorical appeals or source material to support your argument. How does this enhance your essay? (2-3 sentences)

I use source material throughout my essay. I as well made use of statistics to explain that more than 70% of the world's population gets the majority of the daily nutrients from plants.

Touchstone 4 is a revision of this draft. What kind of feedback would be helpful for you as you revise? Are there parts of your draft that you’re uncertain of? (3-4 sentences).

I believe that I have done my best in this draft. Therefore, I would consider having another person identify my mistakes and give their opinions. A detailed evaluation of my work will assist me in identifying the errors that might be hard for me to identify.

Touchstone 3.2 Rubric and Feedback
Rubric Category	Feedback	Score (acceptable, needs improvement etc.)
Argument Development and Support	The argument is not fully developed; while it is supported by some relevant details, including rhetorical appeals and source material, some aspects of the argument are neglected.	28/40
Research	Generally, cites outside sources appropriately; incorporates credible sources adequately through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary.	21/30
Organization	Includes all of the required components of an argumentative research paper, including an introduction with background information, an argumentative thesis, an adequate number of body paragraphs with topic sentences, a body paragraph addressing counterargument(s), and a conclusion with a concluding statement.	10/15
Style	There are occasional minor errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and usage	3/5
Conventions	Demonstrates effective word choices, primarily avoids redundancy and imprecise language, and uses a variety of sentence structures.	4/5
Reflection	Demonstrates thoughtful reflection; includes multiple insights, observations, and/or examples, following response length guidelines	5/5
Overall Score and Feedback:71 /100 Tigist, You have done some solid work here. Use the thesis as a roadmap for you and your reader. The thesis helps the writer focus on the main points and provides sufficient support. Please read your paper aloud before submitting it to ensure no grammatical, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, or usage errors. Please review the notes and make any necessary corrections. Patricia.