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Chapter 1

History of Testing and Assessment

Tests are a subset of assessment yielding scores based on collective data.

Example: Finding the sum of correct items on a multiple-choice exam

Assessment procedures can be:

Formal: Rigor in test development (e.g., good, valid, and reliable)

Informal: Rigor has not been demonstrated in the test development

Distinguishing Between Testing and Assessment

Testing vs. Assessment

2200 B.C.E — Chinese used essay examinations for civil service employees.

Plato (428-327 B.C.E) noted:

Greeks assessed intellectual and physical ability of men when screening for state service.

Historical Context: Ancient

Esquirol (1830s)

Used language ability to identify intelligence

Retardation on continuum: “idiocy” to low grade

Forerunner of verbal intelligence testing

Seguin (1800s)

Worked with individuals with intellectual deficits to increase motor control and sensory discrimination

Developed “Form Board”

Forerunner of performance intelligence testing

Historical Context: Precursors to Modern-Day

Understanding uniqueness of the humans:

Darwin (mid 1800s)

Theory of evolution: Scientific method

Set tone for others who followed

Galton (mid to late 1800s; Darwin’s cousin)

English biologist studied relationship of sensory motor activities to intelligence

Instrumental in others developing correlation coefficient

Historical Context: Precursors to Modern-Day

Understanding uniqueness of the humans:

Wundt (1879)

Founded 1st psychological laboratory

Looked at sensitivity to visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and reaction time

James Cattell (late 1800s; Am. Psychologist)

Phrased term "mental test"

Used statistical concepts to understand differences

Historical Context: Precursors to Modern-Day

Understanding uniqueness of the humans

G. S. Hall (late 1800s)

Experimental lab at Johns Hopkins

Mentor to many

First president of American Psychological Association

Historical Context: Precursors to Modern-Day

Three areas

Individual Intelligence Testing

Neuropsychological Assessment

Group Tests of Ability

Emergence of Ability Tests: Testing in Cognitive Domain

Binet (1890s)

Hired by French Ministry of Public Education to integrate “sub-normal” children into the schools

Developed first modern-day intelligence test

Terman (At Stanford)

Revised Binet scale — Stanford-Binet

I.Q.=MA/CA

Individual Intelligence Testing

Head injuries: 5,000-year-old Egyptian medical documents

WWI: Increased interest in brain injuries

20th century: Development of braining imaging techniques

Today: Suspected changes in brain function yields neuropsychological assessment

Neuropsychological Assessment

WWI: Army Alpha and Army Beta

Developed by Yerkes, Terman, and others

Take Army Alpha

Used by Eugenics Movement

After WWII

SATs: Developed by James Bryant Conant to equalize educational opportunities for all

Vocational counseling led to special aptitude tests and multiple aptitude tests

Group Testing

1923: Edward Thorndike

Stanford Achievement Test

Frank Parsons (early 1900s)

Vocational Counseling

Multiple Aptitude Tests (Group Tests of Ability Focused on Job Attainment)

E.g., GATB: U.S. Employment Services

Group Testing

Interest Inventories and Vocational Assessment

Objective Personality Assessment

Projective Testing

Emergence of Personality Tests: Tests in Affective Realm

Thorndike and Miner: Early assessors of interests (early 1900s)

Strong (1927): Strong Vocational Interest Blank

Interest Inventories and Vocational Assessment

Kraeplin (1892): Word association test to study schizophrenia

Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet (WWI)

Crude test to access for neuroses and pathology

Forerunner to MMPI

Objective Personality Assessment

Galton (1879) and projective testing

“Experiments such as these allow an unexpected amount of illumination to enter into the deepest recess of the character, which are opened and bared by them like the anatomy of an animal under the scalpel of a dissector in broad daylight.”

Cattell: Examined associations made by “healthy people” to a standard list of words

Projective Testing

Carl Jung (1904)

156 stimulus words to which individuals would respond

Used to detect ”complexes”

Herman Rorschach (early 1900s)

Inkblot Test

Henry Murray’s

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective Testing

20th Century

Situational Tests: “Contrived naturalistic situations”

Clinical Interview

DSM-5 (DSM-I developed in 1952)

Observation

Rating Scales

Classification Techniques

Records and Personal Documents

Environmental Assessment

Performance-based Assessment

Emergence of Informal Assessment Procedures

Computers: Statistical procedures has increased the quality of tests

Today, can view tests in the following categories:

Testing in the cognitive domain (often called “ability testing”)

Testing in the affective domain (usually called "personality assessment”)

Informal assessment procedures

Modern-Day Use of Assessment Procedures

Graph of Ability Assessment

Graph of Personality Assessment

Graph of Informal Assessment

How valid is the information gained from assessment instruments? How should that information be applied?

How do assessment instruments invade an individual’s privacy? Does the government have, at times, the right to insist an individual be assessed?

Questions to Consider When Assessing People

Can the use of assessment instruments, in some cases, lead to labeling? What are the implications for the individuals who are labeled?

Are assessment procedures used to foster equality for ALL people or do they tend to create a society based on class?

Questions to Consider When Assessing People