Writing Assignment
Leadership and Sports Ethics
MSA 624 Unit # 4
Leadership Theories and Styles and Sports Ethics Considerations for Participants, Coaches, Sports Officials, Parents and Fans
Format for Unit sessions
• Introduction of the Unit
• Unit Topics
• Christian worldview applications
• Major points for the week’s learning
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Introduction to Unit
• This week we continue our study of leadership by examining leadership theories and styles.
• We will also look at New Testament principles of ethical leadership.
• Finally, we will look at the sports ethics issues as related to various stakeholders in sports: participants, coaches, sports officials, parents and fans.
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Topics we’ll cover
• Leadership theories and styles
• Ethical leadership principles from the New Testament
• Sports ethics for participants, coaches, and sports officials
• Sports ethical considerations for parents and fans
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Unit Objectives
• Learn three common leadership theories and styles
• Consider ethical leadership principles from the New Testament
• Discern sports ethics for participants, coaches, and sports officials
• Clarify sports ethical considerations for parents and fans
• Solve sports ethics cases
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Questions for Reflection & Study
• What are three common leadership theories and styles?
• What are 3-5 ethical leadership principles from the New Testament?
• What are sports ethics issues and solutions for participants, coaches, and sports officials?
• What are sports ethics issues and solutions for parents and fans?
6
Biblical Foundation
• Philippians 2:12-18 Principles of ethical leadership
▫ Work at leadership
▫ God is with you in leadership
▫ Stay positive
▫ Organizations are often crooked
▫ Leaders want to influence the environment rather than reacting to it
▫ Hold to the Scriptures
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Biblical Foundation (cont.)
• Luke 22:24-30 Leadership foundations
▫ Most people use leadership for personal gain
▫ The greatest leaders are the greatest servants
▫ Sometimes we don’t come through with what we plan but must not give up
• 2 Timothy 2:1-7 Mentor leadership
▫ Great leaders develop others
▫ Leaders will face opposition (see Nehemiah)
▫ Work hard
8
Secular Understanding of Leadership
• Many different definitions in the literature
• “In the past 50 years, there have been as many as 65 different classification systems developed to define the dimensions of leadership” (Fleisman et al., 1991 as quoted in Gehrman, 2009, p. 2)
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Secular Understanding of Leadership
(cont.)
• Several qualities have been used to describe leadership and leadership effectiveness: • personal traits • personal behaviors • personal competencies • the situation • characteristics of followers
(Gehrman, 2009, p. 24)
• Northouse’s (2001, p. 3) definition of leadership: “Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.”
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Secular Understanding of Leadership
(cont.)
• Gehrman (2009, p. 24) goes on to comment:
▫ “Leadership is often thought of in terms of positional power, i.e. if you don’t have the title, you don’t have a leadership role. Implied in that is a hierarchy that bestows you with the authority to tell your subordinates what to do. This model puts you ‘in charge’; your success gets measured by what other people do through your direction, coaching, mentoring skills, persuasive power – indeed, even through hiring and firing.”
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Secular Understanding of Leadership
(cont.)
• “Anyone can take a leadership point of view. It doesn’t depend on your title, level, or status in an organization. Whether you do it or not is up to you” (Clawson, 2003, p. 3).
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Secular Understanding of Leadership
(cont.)
Point of View Language Cues
Follower’s POV What do you want me to do? Will you give me more authority? I need you to clear the obstacles for me.
Bureaucrat’s POV That’s not my job. I’ll pass that on to so-and-so. Our procedures don’t allow it. We’ve never done it that way. This hasn’t been approved. I can’t do that without my supervisor’s permission.
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(Clawson, 2003, p. 4)
Secular Understanding of Leadership
(cont.)
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Point of View Language Cues
Administrator’s POV What did they do last time? We’ve never done it that way. Let’s see, what was the rule on that? How can we maintain our present position?
Contrarian’s POV That’ll never work! We tried that before. That’s a terrible idea. You won’t be able to fund it. You’ll never be able to do it on time.
(Clawson, 2003, p. 4)
The Leadership Point of View
• The Leadership Point of View (LPV) consists of three elements:
▫ Seeing what needs to be done
▫ Understanding the underlying forces at play in a situation
▫ Initiating action to make things better
(Clawson, 2003)
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Leadership and the Scriptures
• The foundation for Christians as Leaders: • God created you and me for leadership
Genesis 1:26: God’s mandate for men and women was to lead (“and let them rule [take care of or govern] … over the earth …“)
• but sin changed things because of sin (see Genesis 3:6-10 and 4:5-9) we have become passive, blame-shifting, fearful, angry and even violent in shirking our calling.
• God wants to redeem leadership He wants you and me to be “salt and light” and reclaim our leadership calling: Matthew 5:13-16
• But we must do it differently: Matthew 20:25-28 with a focus on service
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Secular Leadership Categories
• Trait vs. Process Leadership
– people are “born to be leaders” (or not) OR leaders emerge from the context so available to everyone* (p. 5 diagram)
• Assigned vs. Emergent Leadership
– Someone with assigned position in organization vs. person who really has the influence
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Leadership and Power
• Leadership and Power: • “Personal power” … derived from followers
• “Position power” – derived from rank in organization
• Alternate view: Influence (Christians and the power to influence through the Holy Spirit)
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Leadership and Power (cont.)
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• French describes five bases of power:
• reward
• coercive – opposite of reward power … threats for not following
• legitimate – followers think that the leaders has a right and they have obligation to follow
• referent – leader has qualities that followers admire and want to possess
• expert
(http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLD R_56.htm)
Style Leadership and the Leadership
Grid
• Style leadership has to do with the specific behaviors that Leaders adapts
• “The style approach reminds leaders that their actions toward others occur on a task level and a relationship level” (Northouse, 2001, p. 43).
• One issue, however, because style does not take into consideration the situation or other people (the context)
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Leadership Grid
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The Situational Approach
• Focuses on different leadership approaches depending on the situation.
• “The basic premise of the theory is that different situations demand different kinds of leadership. From this perspective, to be an effective leader requires that and individual adapts his or her style to the demand of different situations” (Northouse, 2001, p. 55).
• But weakness is that not sure it can be verified that this is how things work (Northouse, 2001)
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Path-Goal Theory
• “… path-goal theory emphasizes the relationship between the leader’s style and the characteristics of the subordinates and the work setting” (Northouse, 2001, p. 89)
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Participants
• One of three essential components of athletic competition (along with coaches and officials)
• Constraints can create ethical issues for participants in professional sports including: big contracts, challenge to perform at the highest level and in individual sports … no pay without performance.
• Ethical maxim for participants in sports has moved from “the timorous may stay at home” to focus more on preparation and hard work
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Coaches
• Coaches have an ethical duty to supervise and instruct including: emphasizing proper training methods, implementing safety measures, inspecting equipment, and including all needed technical instruction.
• Because of power and potential high pay and pressure to win, coaches are subject to ethical challenges
• The coach has a tremendous opportunity for influence through role modeling
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Sports Officials
• Umpires are like courtroom judges in that their job is not to make the rules but to apply them consistently
• Why sports officials have perhaps the most important ethical role in sports, especially given the “chaos” on the field and in the stands
• Violence (verbal and otherwise) against sports officials is a problem
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Parents
• Legally, you could say that proper standard of behavior for parents is: “the reasonably prudent parent.”
• Parents can show hostile and abusive behavior including: angry emails, complaints or even assault.
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Fans
• Certain behaviors are prohibited at stadiums and surrounding parking including: loitering in concourses, mistreatment of other fans, sitting in the wrong seat or fighting (anathema - fan violence cannot be tolerated). Running on the field is also unacceptable and is a crime.
• Fans should support their teams and have a good time at games but must show restraint as well
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Review
• Learned three common leadership theories and styles
• Considered ethical leadership principles from the New Testament
• Discerned sports ethics for participants, coaches, and sports officials
• Clarified sports ethical considerations for parents and fans
• Solved sports ethics cases
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Questions for Reflection & Study
• What are three common leadership theories and styles?
• What are 3-5 ethical leadership principles from the New Testament?
• What are sports ethics issues and solutions for participants, coaches, and sports officials?
• What are sports ethics issues and solutions for parents and fans?
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Recap of Unit
• We examined leadership theories and styles.
• We will also took a look at New Testament principles of ethical leadership.
• Finally, we looked at sports ethics issues as related to various stakeholders in sports: participants, coaches, sports officials, parents and fans.
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References
• Clawson, J. (2003). Level Three Leadership, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Gehrman, D. (2009). Leadership for Life. Houston, TX: Bridgeway Publishing.
• Northouse, P. (2001). Leadership Theory and Practice, 2nd edition. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Thornton, P.; Champion, W. and Ruddell, L. (2011). Sports Ethics for Sports Management Professionals. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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What next?
• Take the Unit Quiz
• Complete your detailed reading
• Answer the discussion questions
• Complete the writing assignments
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This concludes Unit 4