PE & E -Tri
Running head: PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 1
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS
Module code Number: KB7037/AT7024
Student Name: Mohan Chandra Chebathini
Student ID: W19046970
Research in Physics Education: A Study of Content Analysis
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE18ST, United Kingdom
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 2
Table of Contents
1. Section A: Description of the project …………………………………………………..3
2. Section B: Feasibility and Economic analyses of the project …………………………8
3. Section C: Discussion …………………….…………………………………………….16
4. Section D: Executive Summary ……………………………………………………….18
5. References …………………………………………………………………...………….24
6. Appendix …………………………………………………………………….………….26
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 3
Section A: Description of the project
Background knowledge
Any project is deemed to be feasible or even economically viable in case the economic
benefits realized from such a project exceeds the overall economic costs after it has been
analyzed for the whole society. In this project entitled research in physics education which was a
study for content analysis and carried out by Huseyin Uzunboylu and Gulsum Asiksoy in 2014,
the feasibility of this project can be analyzed. As far as this project is concerned, an analysis of a
research in physics education had been reached via the Turkish national academic network and
information center. Also, the physics education has been developing from time to time and this is
all that necessitated the above researchers to conduct a study in this field to identify this
development in the field of physics education with a specific focus being laid on the Turkish
National academic network and information center. Whenever physics is considered as subject
titles, the largest portion of the studies is about the electric and mechanical physics. However, the
majority of the studies are undertaken or analyzed via the angle or dimension of research titles
that have been investigated. As a result, and based on the researchers involved in this study, a
notable number of researches were conducted mainly in 2013 and this can be described as the
moment when the researches in physics education reached at the top. Therefore, based on the
economic status, the feasibility of this research can be carried out effectively to identify how
feasible it was and if or not it was economically feasible.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 4
An image to illustrate the current trends in development of physics education
Source: American Association of Physics Teachers
Introduction to the project
The initial thing to mention about this project is its name and the specific title of the
project was research in physics education: a study of content analysis. As far as this topic is
concerned, the scientific study within the field of education appears to be the greatly significant
indicator of the extent that the education systems of the majority of the countries have developed
and this is as emphasized by Arik and Turkmen in 2009. It is also apparent that a considerable
increase in that number of studies that have been carried out in education field has been realized
within the recent years. As for the value of this research, the project was highly valuable and the
specific value that it has is that it measures the extent at which physics education has developed
in the countries within the past years. As an example, due to the advances in technology, the
physics education has also advanced. The value of the project may also be seen from the sense
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 5
that it dealt with the debatable issues revolving around the development of physics education in a
number of countries where such issues managed to arise.
Due to this advancement, physics tends to be the discipline that comes into the minds of
individuals after the mentioning of the term technology as it has helped this field to grow to a
great extent. As an example, and also has mentioned by Dorothy and Siraj in 2010, the majority
of the instruments and tools of technology are revolving around the field of physics as well as the
interpretation of the physical laws. The above instance makes scientific research to be
considerably important when it comes to the development of the education field.The other two
things to mention about this project are timescale and the location of the project. As for the
timescale of this project, it is worth to mention that the project had a large scope of time meaning
that it was conducted for around two months. The timescale was extensive to ensure that a
variety of data, information and the required statistics had been considered and covered
adequately. The location of the project was in Turkey and mainly reached via the Turkish
national academic network and its information center and also EBCSO. As shown by the image
below, there were 105 articles that were analyzed in the project to show the development of
physics education between 2008 and 2013.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 6
Table to illustrate the distribution of articles by years between 2008 and 2013
Years Frequency Percentage
2008 17 16.19
2009 18 17.14
2010 16 15.24
2011 17 16.19
2012 14 13.33
2013 23 21.90
Total 105 100
Literature review
According to Rosa Safirotun and Jumadi Jumadi in 2022, a significant increase in physics
education has been experienced within the past years and the peak period has been around 2013
onwards. Despite that there were limited studies in this field within the past years, certain steps
had been made to venture into studies in this important field. By focusing mainly on the Turkish
nation, there have been tremendous steps being carried out to ensure that this physics education
field had been exploited and this is an information that has been emphasized by the research
involved in the study being considered in this case. The other important thing that these
individuals have mentioned is that research in physics education as well as this field itself has
been changing from time to time and a notable reason account for this change. The reason is that
this change follows that phenomenon of those problems that keep on arising in physics education
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 7
and which requires to be addressed immediately. As a result of this desire to address these
emerging problems, there also arose the desire for the trends in physics education to change. The
same information has been emphasized by Huseyin Uzunboylu and Gulsum Asiksoy in their
project where they indicated that due to the advances in technology, physics education also
attained an increased moment.
Moreover, in a study by Surya Gumilar and Ali Ismail in their study dated May 2021,
there were numerous laboratory activities that were experienced in the Indonesian physics
textbooks. According to the above individuals, the increased activities were a representation or
an indication that there was a development in the physics education in the countries not only in
Turkey but also in Indonesia. Just like the analysis of the articles to examine the development of
physics education in Turkey, the above two individuals analyzed or extended the crucial content
analysis of those physics textbooks in an attempt to examine those levels of physics education
and laboratory activities as being the evidence of the expansion and development of physics
education in countries. Also, as revealed by the authors of this study, physics education does not
involve only learning but it entails activities like practical that enhance the learning of physics
even to a great extent. Therefore, the key emphasis laid down by the above individuals was that
physics education gained increased momentum in the past years and mainly during the year
2013.
Additionally, according to Onder, Nuray and Oktay, Ozlem among others, a significant
trend has been experienced in the growth of physics education in schools. For instance, as per
these individuals in a study conducted in 2014, 125 studies had been published between the years
2004 and 2011. Out of these studies, 46 of these studies were about or related to the physics
education. The 46 articles were also examined by using certain terms such as demographic
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 8
properties like the gender of the people, and institutions. It is also important to reveal that certain
and key concepts were studied in these physics education and the notable ones were
thermodynamics, light and optics, waves and even vibration which were among the other topics
that were studied in the field of physics education. It is also important to mention of an aspect
such as the physics education gaining momentum not only at the secondary levels but also in the
higher learning institutions such as colleges and Universities where this education gained
increased momentum. Therefore, all of the above information is geared to indicate that physics
education continued to develop from time to time and this development was experienced in a
number of countries with specific examples being Indonesia and Turkey.
Project briefing information
Just like any other project, the above research had its objective, scope and also some
factors that led to its critical success. Among the key objectives of this research was to guide the
researchers planning or intending to do some studies in the field of physical education through
the specification of tendencies of 105 articles on physics education. The specification of the
tendencies was to be done in terms of the subject areas, research titles, methods, techniques of
analyzing the data as well as sampling types and this is also as emphasized by Turkmen in 2017.
The other objective of the project was to act as a guide for the teachers and educators as well as
the learners with some regards to the scientific debate. As an example, the scientific field is one
that is filled with a lot of debates and this project aimed at ensuring that such debates have been
handled effectively. Regarding the scope of this project, the boundaries of the project had been
drawn and that is the areas that it will cover. The creation of the boundaries was meant to ensure
that this project sticks on the line it was intended to remain. Also, under this scope, the goals of
the project were also defined exactly and the project deliverables were drawn which the project
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 9
would be working toward and also the integration of technology which is a key component as
emphasized by Karamustafaoğlu, in 2009. The factors leading to the success of the project
included drawing clear boundaries and setting aside enough resources for the execution of the
project.
Summary of information from the database
a) List of the major stakeholders
Stakeholders The role played The contribution of the
stakeholders (US dollars)
International Monetary Fund Financier (50 million)
The Government of Turkey Investor and Financier (80 million)
The people of Turkey Consumers Unapplicable
Project directors Consultants (10 million)
Project managers In charge of health and safety (10 million)
Accountants Budgeting for the project and
management of the
stakeholders
Unapplicable
Turkish national academic
network and information
center
Research analysis (30 million)
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 10
b) List of the costs throughout the project life cycle
Costs Amount (US dollars)
Travelling costs (25 million)
Labor costs (25 million)
Utility costs (10 million)
Setup costs (10 million)
Transaction costs (10 million)
Depreciation of materials for the research (10 million)
Consultation fees (10 million)
NB: The above costs are both fixed and variable costs that were associated with the execution of
this project. As an example, travelling, consultation, and depreciation costs were all variable
costs while the rest like setup costs, labor, utility and consultation costs were all fixed costs. Out
of the above two types of costs, the total costs will be obtained from the formula.
Total Costs (TC) = Fixed Costs (FC) + Variable Costs (VC).
c) Macro-environment surrounding the project
The macro-environmental aspects also surrounded the above project and this can be best
analyzed by doing a PESTEL analysis. The PESTEL aspect comprises the political, economic,
social, technical and environmental as well as the legal aspects. On the political aspect or sphere,
the project was prone to political influence especially from the Turkish government where it was
conducted. The main motive of this influence was the desire for the government being involved
in the study bearing in mind that it was among the financiers of the project. Therefore, the
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 11
political motive of the government of the day was realized. Economically, there was a desire for
having enough resources to facilitate the execution of the project. The economic situation or
status of the researchers necessitated the coming up with various sources of funds to enable the
project to be a success. The social aspect also surrounded the project in that there were some
social influences especially the religious considerations of the participants in the project that also
influenced the execution of this project. The technical aspect entailed the incorporation of
technology since greater advances have been made in the field of technology and also applicable
in the education field. The environmental aspect entailed ensuring that the project is
environmentally friendly and would not harm either the human beings or the environment where
it was being conducted. The legal aspect of the project was that it was to be conducted in line
with the prevailing rules and regulations that have been laid down by the government of the day.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 12
Section B: Feasibility and Economic analyses of the project
A table for the techniques used in the economic analysis of the project
Technique Description
Financial statement and ratio analysis Looks at the prevailing financial statement of
the project such as the revenue generated and
costs incurred.
Supply and demand
Multiplier effect
IRR
Payback period
Net present value
Profitability index
The above techniques of project appraisal are
all aimed at determining whether the project
is realizing a profit, hence deemed to be
feasible or vice versa.
Decision trees Determines the feasibility of a project where
there are choices to make regarding a viable
project.
Earned Value Analysis Based on the value that will be earned after a
certain project gets executed.
Analytical hierarchy process The greater the value generated, the highly
feasible a project is.
Imposition of taxes and inflation Whenever taxes and inflation result in an
economy, the operating costs increases and
the project tends not to be feasible.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 13
B1: Assessment of financial health using financial statement and ratio analysis
Based on the prevailing financial statement as well as the ratio analysis, the feasibility of the
above project can be identified, (Jensen, 2006). The key financial statement in this case will be
the revenue generated by the stakeholders and the costs incurred in the execution of the project.
By looking at the table of the list of the stakeholders, the total revenue generated by the
stakeholders can be identified. The other essential information regarding the financial statement
is the total costs incurred in the execution of the project. Therefore, by getting both the total
revenue generated and the costs incurred, the two metrics can be compared so that the feasibility
of the project may be identified as below.
Total costs = fixed costs + variable costs
TC = $ 25 million + $ 25 million + $ 10 million + $ 10 million + $ 10 million + $ 10 million + $
10 million = $ 100 million.
Similarly, the revenue generated from the stakeholders associated with the project may be
obtained as follows;
Total revenue = $ 50 million + $ 80 million + $ 30 million + $ 10 million + $ 10 million= $ 180
million.
Out of the above statistics, profitability value can be realized and that is;
Total revenue – Total costs = $180 million - $ 100 million = $ 80 million.
As a result of this the project is viable since a positive value has been obtained.
The other aspect of evaluating this feasibility is the ratio analysis. It is also a quantitative way of
attaining a strong insight into the liquidity of this project and its operational efficiency as well as
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 14
its profitability, (Reutlinger,2010). Being a quantitative method, the values compared above, i.e.,
total revenue and total costs can be examined and a positive value has been obtained. Out of this
value, it can be deduced that the project is feasible since a positive value has been obtained.
Major assumptions associated with financial statement and ratio analysis
Assumption Description
Economic entity The above assumption is that the financial
statement and ratio analysis will be a true
reflection of all that is happening in the
society.
Fiscal period As for this assumption, it is believed that the
value of financial statements and ratio
analysis are applicable during the moment
when they have been obtained.
Going concern The assumption believes that the business is
operating and it will generate some revenue or
a certain profit.
Stability of the amount The assumption entails believing that there
are no instances of inflation or deflation in the
society where such a transaction is being
carried out.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 15
B2: Project appraisal using supply and demand, multiplier effect, NPV, IRR, payback period and
profitability index.
Supply and demand
Whenever appraising this project by using the supply and demand aspect, it is important to argue
that the project is feasible. The physics education has taken a great increase as mentioned above
especially during 2013. The above aspect can be regarded as the demand for this physics
education within the educational field. Due to the advances in technology and also in the growth
of human knowledge, physics education managed to increase and this can be viewed as the
supply of this thing that has been highly demanded. As a result, it becomes important to indicate
that this project was high feasible to identify how well the physics education managed to develop
in the countries.
Multiplier effect
By looking at the project, it will aid in the generation of a positive multiplier effect. The great the
level of literacy in this field of physics education, the more the rate of enlightenment and the
society is likely to benefit in terms of employment which will in return, lead to a significant
growth of the economy. The examination of the developments in this field is also likely to spark
positive attitudes and actions that will be taken to increase the rate of physics education due to
the high demand for venturing into this field. In such a case, then the project is feasible as it is
leading to positive benefits.
Net Present Value
The major basis of identifying the feasibility of this project under the dimension of net present
value mainly lies on how fast the project will start generating some profits or benefits. In other
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 16
words, it is deemed that this project is meant to bear some profits as fast as it is conducted.
Bering the above information in mind, the project was undertaken to identify the development of
physics education in countries with a specific focus on Turkey. Therefore, it can be deemed that
the project will start generating some benefits immediately it is completed and this makes it to be
highly feasible. As an example, after the completion of the project, the findings from it would
indicate that physics education has been developing and increasing. As a result, certain measures
and steps will be taken to enhance it even further and this will be a benefit realized in the shortest
time possible leading to the feasibility of the project.
Mathematically, net present value can be calculated as follows;
NPV = Rt / (1 + i)twhere
Rt = net cashflow at time t
i= discount rate
t = time of the cash flow
The value of NPV that will be obtained will then be used in making some deductions. As an
example, a higher value is important or better than a lower value of NPV. Whenever the value is
large, then the project is feasible and valuable and worth to be considered by the researchers.
IRR
The Internal Rate of Return is also based on the expected future cash flows or benefits that will
be realized as a result of coming up with a certain project, (Hartman, 2004). As an example, the
project was targeted to be at $ 180 million and by investing this amount of money, then the
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 17
future cash flow is expected to be even higher and this is all that leads to the feasibility of the
project.
IRR = The difference between the present or expected value and original value which is divided
by that original value then multiplied by a 100. As an example, the original value of this project
is $ 180 million and if the expected value is $ 200 million, then;
IRR = $ 200 million - $ 180 million = $ 20 million. Then;
($ 20 million /$ 180 million) x 100 =11.11 and this is a significant value to declare the project
being feasible.
Payback period
The above technique is also related or associated with the Net Present Value and the association
is that they are all related with looking at how fast the project will generate some revenue or
benefit. In this case, the project is feasible because it takes a shortened moment for generating
the much-needed benefits that it is intended to provide.
Profitability index
Being a technique that mainly measures the attractiveness of the project to potential investors,
this method is in line with the selected project. Since the project is looking at the developments
in a certain field, it attracts a large number of investors to invest in this project so that more and
more benefits may be realized.
Major assumptions
In the above techniques, it is assumed that the greatest value is one that makes the project to be
deemed as being profitable and hence, feasible.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 18
It is also assumed that if the project turns out to have a positive value, there is a high likelihood
of reinvesting in the project so that more and more benefits may be realized.
There is also an assumption such as the economic conditions remaining stable at the period of
investment without instances like the introduction of taxation and inflation.
B4: Project options appraisal using decision trees
An example of a decision tree used in making a decision.
As a technique of project appraisal, a decision tree entails a diagram for determining the possible
results that come out of a series of choices. While applied in this project, the decision tree can be
used in determining the feasibility of a project. As an example, out of the above decision tree
sample, the net profit might be a positive value meaning that it is a success or a profit and might
also be a negative value implying a loss, hence, the project would not be worth undertaking it.
The value may also be a zero meaning that no loss or profit has been realized and this can also be
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 19
used in determining the feasibility of a project. The net value from this project is a positive value
and this indicates a positive outcome from the project indicating that it is feasible
B5: Multi-dimensional project appraisal using Analytical Hierarchy Process
On this technique, the feasibility of the project can be estimated on the cost effectiveness and
worthiness of the project to be undertaken. For instance, the project was worthy to be carried out
in the sense that it was looking at the development of physics education in the countries. In such
a situation, it was looking at an essential aspect which was worthy to examine. The project was
also cost effective in terms of the funds required for executing it and this leads to a positive
benefit worth to declare it feasible.
B9: Project control using Earned Value Analysis
As a project management technique, the method allows the project manager an opportunity for
measuring the work that has been actually performed beyond that basic review of the schedule
reports and costs, (Zhong, 2011). As mentioned above, the project aimed at validating the growth
of the physics education in the countries. In this project, the feasibility of this project can be
measured by the various stages through which it was executed since it was carried out at
different points. Therefore, at a given point, the project could have been estimated to be at a
certain point of completion. At the moment that a great portion of the project had been
completed as anticipated, then it would have been argued to be a feasible project. Under the
earned value analysis, there are three metrics that are considered also regarded as the sub-
branches of the earned value analysis. The three metrics are as follows;
Planned value, i.e., PV
Actual Value i.e., AV
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 20
The earned value of the concrete work that has been completed already.
By interrelating the above three metrics, then the project can be controlled. The planned value of
the project may be estimated as being worth $ 180 million and the actual value is estimated at $
100 million. With the value of $ 100 million, it can be deduced that the project had been
completed without a deficit but there is a positive value of $ 80 million. The overall deduction is
that the project is highly feasible and indicated by Anbari in 2013 when examining the
application of earned value in project management. The analysis of the earned value may also be
deduced mathematically.
EV = total project budget multiplied by the percentage of project completion.
For instance, at one point, the project was 80% complete meaning that it was almost coming to
completion. Therefore, the earned value of this project would be as follows:
$ 180 million multiplied by 80% = $ 144 million and this was the earned value of the project at
such a particular moment and portion of project execution.
Key assumptions of this technique
Just like the other techniques, the above method of project analysis has its key assumptions.
Among them is that the technique will allow a temporal and intermittent nature of the work of a
project through scheduling of the expenditure based on the plan of the project. There is also an
assumption that the technique will consider the content and context of the planned expenditures
and values of the project. In this technique, it is also assumed that the schedule, scope as well as
the resource characteristics will be integrated into a complex set of measurements.
B10: The effect of tax and inflation on feasibility outcomes
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 21
Imposition of tax and the issue of inflation have a significant effect or influence on the feasibility
outcomes of a given project. As an example, inflation and taxes will tend to increase the prices or
costs of operations. The situation is also one that will mean a deviation in the initial as well as
the final costs of the associated project, (Sell, 2012). By looking back at the total revenue and
total costs for this project as described above, it can be deduced that the introduction of tax and
inflation aspects are likely to increase the operating costs and the overall costs of the project. The
overall impact is that the project may end up not being economically feasible as it would be
anticipated.
Major assumptions
1. Introduction of tax and inflation will destabilize the economy leading to the overall costs
of operating.
2. In the presence of tax and inflation, there will be a continuous fluctuation and this creates
volatility in the growth of the economy.
3. The disposable income will also be reduced as individuals and the economy tends to
consume less when there is inflation and tax aspects.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 22
Section C: Discussion
A project would not be worthwhile if at all a feasibility of such a thing has not been carried out
to identify whether it is feasible or not. The feasibility of a project may also be regarded as its
financial situation which is determined by using the methods and techniques of analyzing the
project or a given portfolio. As for the case of the project under consideration in this discussion,
the major techniques that have been used in identifying the feasibility of this project includes
financial statement and ratio analysis, appraisal using supply and demand, multiplier effect,
NPV, IRR, payback period and profitability index as well as multi-dimensional project appraisal
using Analytical Hierarchy Process. The othersinclude Project options appraisal using decision
trees, project control using Earned Value Analysis and the effect of the tax and inflation on the
outcomes of a project. As mentioned, and discussed under the context of these techniques, the
project was feasible. The overall financial condition of the project is also worthwhile or pleasing
meaning that the overall costs incurred in executing the project are lower as compared to the
benefits that will be realized out of this project as emphasized by Bauer in 2003. Additionally,
the available resources or the funds that have been set aside for the execution of this project are
far much ahead of the proposed costs that is incurred in the project execution. It is also important
to mention about the aspect of the project being at a point of generating some benefits within a
short period and also the return on investment being a higher value and all of these lead to a
certain fact that the project is highly feasible.
All of the above aspects are those which have been examined in the above techniques. In other
words, the techniques revolve around the project resulting to a positive value after it has been
completed as opposed to the project generating a negative value, (Akulu 2011). However, a
significant difference comes about when it comes to the effect of taxation and inflation in
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 23
determining the outcomes of a project. The reason is that such an imposition of taxation and in
the presence of inflation, then the overall costs of operating rises and this is an issue that will
lead to an increase in the costs of operating for the project and this is likely to result to a negative
value generated by the project. The negative value will tend to indicate that the project is not
feasible unless certain measures are undertaken. As an example, and the issue which would apply
in the case of this project, essential and more resources will have to be sought and applied in this
project. The overall operating costs will also have to be reconsideredso that they can be
distributed adequately to ensure the generation of positive value which is essential for declaring
the project to be a feasible one. Apart from the above-mentioned techniques such as net present
value, Return on Investment would also be an essential metric for measuring the feasibility of
this project as emphasized by Greenfield in 2013. It deals with the estimated value that the
project will generate after it has been implemented and executed. The higher the value obtained
from this technique, the more the project will be feasible. Therefore, based on the project
considered in this case, the above techniques have proven that this is a feasible project and which
can allow the attainment of the aims that were intended to be achieved by the project.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 24
Section D: Executive summary
In line with the topic of the project, the project managed to achieve its goals. Specifically, the
problem addressed by this project was carrying out a study on the feasibility of a project in
relation to economics. A project may be feasible or tend not to be and this can only be
determined if at all its feasibility has been examined which may also be done with the application
of technology which influences learning as revealed by Civelek in 2013. In carrying out this
study on the feasibility of a project, essential techniques were used and they are as discussed in
part B of the report. The key stakeholders involved in the project were consultants and
government as well as the researcher among others and they had certain roles to play to ensure
that the project was a success. The project options include trying to look at other projects that
were not feasible and then trying to compare or come up with what led one to be feasible while
the other one was not feasible. There are six techniques that have been applied in the analysis of
the project and their major findings were that the project was highly feasible based on the
dimensions that were being considered in those techniques. The key findings of the project have
certain implications not only on the social but also legal and environmental implications. The
social implication was that such a project is a reflection of all that is happening in the society
especially where the physics education needs to be emphasized and encouraged to continue
developing. The legal implication entails trying to influence any project to be conducted in line
with the prevailing las and regulations as stipulated by the prevailing government. The
environmental implication is a call for the researchers to ensure that their projects are
environmentally friendly. The validity of the findings is also prone to some limitations and some
of them include inaccurate data as well as the human errors when interpreting the results and
findings. The essential recommendations are that the researchers have a responsibility of
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 25
observing all the prevailing ethics or ethical considerations that are associated with a given
project such as privacy, confidentiality of the research and mutual benefit for all involved in a
study.
PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 26
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PROJECT FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS 28
Appendix
An image to indicate that there has been an upward trend or increase in physics education even
before between 2008 and 2013.
Source: American Association of Physics Teachers.