humanities
Module 4 Lecture Outline
Architecture
Introduction
Architecture has been called the art of sheltering.
Though many types of architecture actually function as shelters, the concept of sheltering can be expanded to include physical, emotional and spiritual shelter.
Introduction
Like sculpture, architecture includes three dimensions. Though it shares many characteristics with sculpture, architecture adds the element of functionality.
Because of this, the aesthetic value of architecture must work together with its practical uses.
WHAT IS IT?
Included in the category of architecture are residences, commercial buildings, religious edifices, symbolic compositions and functional structures.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Structure:
Post-and-lintel. Horizontal beams laid across upright posts.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Styles of Classical Columns:
Doric Order. Short, heavy pillars with plain capitals and no base.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Styles of Classical Columns:
Ionic Order. Slender, fluted pillars with large base and scrolled capitals.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Styles of Classical Columns:
Corinthian Order. Fluted pillars, with heavy bases and ornate capitals, usually featuring motifs of scrolls and leaves.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Structure:
Arch. A curved symmetrical construction spanning an opening and supporting a structure by transferring weight outward to its legs. .
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Structure:
Cantilever. An overhanging surface supported on only one end.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Structure
Bearing wall. The walls support themselves as well as the roof and floor.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Structure
Skeleton frame. A frame supports the structure with the walls attached to it.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Common Building Materials include:
Stone
Concrete
Wood
Steel
As well as many other elements such as adobe, grasses, thick paper, plastic, etc.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Line, Repetition and Balance
In architecture, as in pictorial art and sculpture, line dictates form.
The repetition of forms create both function and interest.
Balance is achieved when the repetition of forms and lines are in visual harmony.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Scale. The concept of scale often refers to the relationship of the structure to the human form.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Proportion. Proportion has to do with the relationship of the elements of the structure to one another.
Notice the classic Greek formula for the number of columns down the sides is 2x the number of columns across the front + 1.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Context. For reasons of functionality, space or aesthetics, structures often must account for the surrounding environment.
Notice the keyhole shape of the plaza attached to St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome which accommodates available space and symbolizes Peter’s “key to heaven”.
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Space. Does the building have appropriate space to fulfill its function?
HOW IS IT PUT TOGETHER?
Climate. What active and passive means can be used in maintaining an appropriate temperature and environment?
HOW DOES IT STIMULATE THE SENSES?
Controlled Vision and Stimulation. Structures can be designed to affect the way we see them and can inspire our imaginations.
For example, how does Chartres Cathedral perform these functions?
HOW DOES IT STIMULATE THE SENSES?
Style. Some prominent architectural styles from history include:
Romanesque
Gothic
Baroque
Neoclassical
Victorian
Modern
HOW DOES IT STIMULATE THE SENSES?
Apparent Function.
The Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium at Arizona State University mimics the red sandstone buttes of the Phoenix area and provides space for large gatherings.
HOW DOES IT STIMULATE THE SENSES?
Dynamics. The form of the structure simulates motion or activity.
Notice the sail-like form of the Sydney Opera House.
HOW DOES IT STIMULATE THE SENSES?
Scale. The comparative size of a structure can cause emotional response in the viewer.