organizing the project

Department of Mechanical and industrial Engineering

Graduation Project

Final Written Report Template

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Graduation Project I

Modern methods for improving efficiency in heating and cooling in Green buildings

Team Members:

Ahmed Aldobi

Ahmed Guzlan Faisal Shlashdah

Mohammed Alesaei

Advisor:

Dr. Tariq Alazab

Fall Semester

2016/17

February 17, 2020

STUDENT DECLARATION OF OWN WORK

We hereby declare and confirm with our signatures that the work submitted in this project final report is exclusively our own. We have taken care in all respect to honor the intellectual property right and have acknowledged the contribution of others through proper citing and referencing in the report. We are fully aware that any copying or improper citation of other work used in this report will be considered plagiarism, which is a clear violation of the Code of Ethics of Applied Science University.

Student’s Name: Ahmed Aldobi Signature: Date:

Student’s Name: Ahmed Guzlan Signature: Date:

Student’s Name: Faisal Shlashdah Signature: Date:

Student’s Name: Mohammed Alesaei Signature: Date:

Abstract:

The concept of green building related to many parameters that is basically interrelated to the building design and structure style, energy efficiency and saving, water management and minimizing any CO2 emission by working systems and occupants within the building. This building style reducing the environmental impact and improve the sustainability and lowering both initial and running costs of building. So, it is really efficient, attractive and got international scientific and technical standardization and implantation in developed countries.

Introduction:

In green building, space heating/cooling, ventilation and air-conditioning are the main areas where considerable amount of energy can be saved. Green building control strategies use various concepts of natural heating/cooling, ventilation and air-conditioning. Heating/cooling of building, air conditioning and ventilation are complimentary to each other and maintain freshness, temperature, comfort level. Air conditioning and ventilation are the main pillar of building heating/cooling process. Efficient ventilation helps to increase efficiency, energy conservation and cure health problems. Ventilation process maintains air quality, supplies fresh air to a space and replaces stale air. It removes bacteria, smoke, moisture, dirty things. Air infiltration should be properly controlled to conserve energy. Process of heating, cooling, ventilation, air conditioning can be achieved by passive/natural or active/artificial or combination of them. In natural the air flows due to natural wind and buoyancy. It conserves the energy and suitable only for day time. It can’t be used during night time and in existence of pollutants. Active/mechanical/artificial ventilation is good for day and night times both for heating/cooling. It provides guaranteed performance, controlled noise and safe environment. But due to limited stock of fossil fuel and climate change problems, world scenario is focusing towards natural heating, cooling, ventilation and air conditioning through renewable technologies to meet our future energy demand and emission targets.

Advantages of green buildings:

Now adays, green energy become essential and included in every country's economic plan. Also, providing metals and technology became easy either domestically or internationally.

Green buildings are using many green energies and it has many advantages:

1. Low Maintenance and Operation Cost

2. Energy Efficiency

3. Enhances Indoor Environment Quality

4. Water Efficiency

5. Better Health

6. Material Efficiency

7. Better Environment

8. Reduces Strain on Local Resources

· Technologies for heat recovery/recuperation:

Heat recovery is a method which is increasingly used to reduce the heating and cooling demands (and thus energy costs) of buildings. By recovering the residual heat in the exhaust gas, the fresh air introduced into the air conditioning system is pre-heated (pre-cooled), and the fresh air enthalpy is increased (reduced) before the fresh air enters the room or the air cooler of the air conditioning unit performs heat and moisture treatment. A typical heat recovery system in buildings consists of a core unit, channels for fresh air and exhaust air, and blower fans. Building exhaust air is used as either a heat source or heat sink depending on the climate conditions, time of year and requirements of the building. Heat recovery systems typically recover about 60–95% of the heat in exhaust air and have significantly improved the energy efficiency of buildings.

Working principle: A heat recovery system is designed to supply conditioned air to the occupied space to continue the desired level of comfort. The heat recovery system keeps the house fully ventilated by recovering the heat which is coming from the inside environment. Heat recovery systems basically work by transferring the thermal energy (enthalpy) from one fluid to another fluid, from one fluid to a solid or from a solid surface to a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. Additionally, there is no direct interaction between fluid and fluid or fluid and solid in most of the heat recovery systems. In some application of heat recovery systems, fluid leakage is observed due to pressure differences which can cause mixture of the two fluids

Several types of heat exchangers available for heat recovery:

· Fixed plate: Fixed plate heat exchangers are the most commonly used type of heat exchanger and have been developed for 40 years. Thin metal plates are stacked with a small spacing between plates. Two different airstreams pass through these spaces, adjacent to each other. The heat transfer occurs as the temperature transfers through the plate from one airstream to the other.

The typical efficiency of a fixed-plate heat recovery is in the Range of 50-80%

Figure 1 Fixed plate

· Heat pipe: Heat pipes are a heat recovery device that use a multi-phase process to transfer heat from one airstream to another. Heat is transferred using an evaporator and condenser within a wicked, sealed pipe containing a fluid which undergoes constant phase change to transfer heat. The fluid within the pipe’s changes from a fluid to a gas in the evaporator section, absorbing the thermal energy from the warm airstream. The gas condenses back to a fluid in the condenser section where the thermal energy is dissipated into the cooler airstream raising the temperature. The fluid/gas is transported from one side of the heat pipe to the other through pressure, wick forces or gravity, depending on the arrangement of the heat pipe.

The typical efficiency of heat-pipes is in the range of 43-50%

Figure 2 Heat pipe

· Rotary thermal wheels: Rotary thermal wheels are a mechanical means of heat recovery. A rotating porous metallic wheel transfers thermal energy from one air stream to another by passing through each fluid alternately. The system operates by working as a thermal storage mass whereby the heat from the air is temporarily stored within the wheel matrix until it is transferred to the cooler air stream.

Because of its reliability and high efficiency typically above 80%

Figure 3 Rotary thermal wheels

· Run-around: Run-around systems are a hybrid heat recovery system that incorporates characteristics from other heat recovery technology to form a single device, capable of recovering heat from one air stream and delivering to another a significant distance away. There is the general case of run-around heat recovery, two fixed plate heat exchangers are located in two separate airstreams and are linked by a closed loop containing a fluid which is continually pumped between the two heat exchangers. The fluid is heated and cooled constantly as it flows around the loop, providing the heat recovery. The constant flow of the fluid through the loop requires pumps to move between the two heat exchangers.

The thermal efficiency of this system is usually between 45% and 65%

Figure 4 Run-around

The heat exchangers for the previous-mentioned heat recovery systems are typically built from Copper, aluminum, or steel.

One of the possible solutions is the use of polymers and composite materials. Monolithic Polymers, as well as polymer matrix composite materials, are used in the making of heat Exchangers providing a wide Range of unique properties and advantages in comparison with Monolithic materials

In the case of very low outdoor temperatures and an efficient heat recovery system, the Condensation of moist exhaust air and freezing of a condensate may occur. This can significantly Reduce the heat transfer and air flow rate in the heat exchanger. The pre-heating of outdoor air Is typically used to avoid condensation and freezing in ventilation systems.

Pre-heating significantly reduces potential energy savings

· Demand controlled ventilation:

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) is a feedback control method to maintain indoor air quality that automatically adjusts the ventilation rate provided to a space in response to changes in conditions such as occupant number or indoor pollutant concentration. The control strategy is mainly intended to reduce the energy use by heating, cooling, and ventilation systems compared to buildings that use open-loop controls with constant ventilation rates.

Figure 5 Demand controlled ventilation diagram

The energy consumption in a building does not often decrease after the installation of a heat Recovery system This can happen if the ventilation system operates continuously

To avoid this problem demand-controlled ventilation can be installed. This is a ventilation System which operates according to the actual need for fresh air:

-Scheduled ventilation -Ventilation with motion sensors -CO2 sensors

Demand controlled ventilation can also be joined with a building’s alarm system or lighting System. If the alarm system is turned off, or the lighting system is turned on, the ventilation System is turned on Implement ventilation strategies for ventilation systems with constant airflow Measuring occupancy levels of dwellings because it is an important parameter for the Determination of energy consumption, efficiency, and indoor air quality. The highly varying Occupancy level in dwellings creates the potential for demand-controlled ventilation systems

· Geothermal for air pre-heating (earth-to-air):

Figure 6 Geothermal for air pre-heating

An earth-to-air system consists of air tunnel(s) buried beneath the ground, which connect Outside air with inside air. When the fresh outdoor air is drawn through the tunnel, heat Exchange between air and soil occurs, thus air is cooled in summer and heated in winter

Two major earth-to-air system types:

· open loop where the outside air is used to ventilate the house

· closed loop where the air from the building is recirculated through the earth tunnel

For air pre-heating, closed-loop systems can be used only in cases when indoor air temperature is lower than ground temperature

the suggested minimal temperature difference between the soil and air is 10°C

The most probable application of closed earth-to-air systems will be related to keeping indoor temperature above the freezing point during non-occupancy periods and air-cooling.

When an earth-to-air system is considered, an investigation of the site’s properties is vitally important

concluded that soil thermal conductivity is of great importance and can increase energy savings by 80%.

smaller diameters increase pressure loss, it is recommended to use multiple smaller diameter pipes. The same applies to the length – although longer pipes reduce outlet temperature fluctuations and increase the temperature difference, every added meter above the length of 50m will decrease the impact

· Phase change materials in construction:

Phase change materials also referred to as latent heat storage materials (LHSMs), are materials that can absorb or liberate energy in terms of heat at certain temperatures. As the material absorbs or liberates heat, there is a change in the physical state of the material from either solid to liquid or vice versa. A common example of PCM is water which as the ability to change from solid (i.e. ice) to liquid, and liquid to solid; thereby releasing and storing energy in the process of its phase changes. Generally, an ideal PCM to be used for storage of thermal energy should undergo small volume changes, non-toxic, non-corrosive, possess high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, and must not super cool or decompose

PCM in the building roof allows for a reduction in the heat transfer by 39%.

nano PCM into building envelope products. The results of this study indicated a reduction of 79% in energy demand within a comfortable indoor temperature level

PCM are typically used in ventilation systems in two different ways:

· PCM are built into the floor, walls, and ceiling of a room to increase the thermal inertia of the building. This is coupled with night cooling in the summer period to decrease the buildings cooling load and energy consumption.

· PCM storage is built into the ventilation system. This is also used for night cooling when mechanical ventilation is turned on during the night, and airflow is directed through a container filled with PCM spheres, granules, or differently shaped particles

Figure 7 Application of Phase-Change Materials in Buildings

· Passive use of solar energy:

Passive solar design refers to the use of the sun’s energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces by exposure to the sun. When sunlight strikes a building, the building materials can reflect, transmit, or absorb the solar radiation. In addition, the heat produced by the sun causes air movement that can be predictable in designed spaces. These basic responses to solar heat lead to design elements, material choices and placements that can provide heating and cooling effects in a home.

Figure 8 Elements of passive solar design

· Closed buildings:

The more outdoor air is used for ventilation, the more auxiliary energy must be used for warming this air during the heating season. This occurs regardless of the ventilation system and its energy efficiency. the most energy efficient solution is to not take any outdoor air, but to only use indoor air and keep it in the quality needed for the inhabitants to store all the necessary fresh air for the heating season in the building, large pressurized vessels would be needed This vessel could be charged with fresh air during the summer. In this way, a solution for energy storing, which comes to be a challenge with inconsistent energy sources such as wind power or solar radiation, is provided There has been no research done in this field of building ventilation yet. The second possibility for making the building independent from outdoor air intake is to regenerate the air required for breathing This has already been implemented in enclosed spaces such as international space stations. The main contaminant in enclosed human populated spaces is CO2,

· Use of Renewable Energy Sources for Heating Ventilation Air

· Solar energy

Solar air heaters (SAHs) are the simplest way to transform solar energy into heat the most typical solar air heaters a flat plate solar collector Solar air heater can be implemented in two ways – by supplying the heated air directly to a consumer, or by involving an air-to-liquid heat exchanger

Figure 9 (SAHs)

The main advantages of solar air heaters are:

1. A cheap and simple design, simple maintenance

1. Protection from freezing or boiling

1. Non-corrosive heat carrier

1. Heat carrier is free of charge

1. High stratification in case of pebble bed storage

The disadvantages are:

1. Air handling equipment needs more space

1. It is difficult to detect leakages

1. Higher parasitic electricity consumption as compared to liquid systems

1. Problematic integration of solar air-conditioning

1. Low performance of air as a heat carrier

One of the most powerful optimization tools for different tasks is Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Figure 10 Schematic cross section of an uncovered PVT collector with sheet-and-tube type heat exchanger and rear insulation:

1 - Anti-reflective glass

2 - Encapsulant (e.g. ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA))

3 - Solar PV cells

4 - Encapsulant (e.g. EVA)

5 - Backsheet (e.g. PVF)

6 - Heat exchanger (e.g. aluminum, copper or polymers)

7 - Thermal insulation (e.g. mineral wool, polyurethane)

· Heat pumps

A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is called a thermal reservoir. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. A heat pump uses external power to accomplish the work of transferring energy from the heat source to the heat sink. The most common design of a heat pump involves four main components – a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator and a compressor. The heat transfer medium circulated through these components is called refrigerant.

· Efficient Heat Pump Design

Commercial water-to-water heat pumps boast a coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.1. This means that for every watt of electricity used to run the heat pump, 4.1 watts of useable heat energy is moved into your building. This makes your commercial heat pump 410% efficient. Having such an efficient HVAC system will cut down on your building’s greenhouse gas emissions and save you money on your utility bills.

Figure 11 Heat Pump

The cooling in green building

The continuous progressive demand of building construction raises many issues regarding supply of high grade electricity. It creates many environmental issues for its production like as global warming.

So, the passive cooling buildings were welcomed to respond variable climate in order to reduce energy supply for thermal comfort as well as health of building users.

The aim of designing a passive building is to take best advantage of the regional outdoor ambient conditions. Passive cooling refers to a building architectural approach that mainly goal on heat gain control and heat dissipation in architectural structure in order to ameliorate the indoor thermal comfort with low or nil energy consumption.

Passive cooling systems use non-mechanical methods to sustain a comfortable indoor temperature and are a main aim in extenuating the impact of buildings on the regional environment

The energy consumption in buildings is very much with the anticipation to further increase because of improving standards of leaving and the increase of industrialization.

The use of HVAC in building has exponentially rises over the past few decades and quite enough to contribute in the enormous use of high grade electrical energy consumption.

This paper reviews various passive cooling techniques used in the green building and their role in providing thermal comfort and its significance in energy conservation with the help of architectural interventions

In a cooling load estimate, heat gain from all appliances electrical, gas or steam should be taken into account. The tremendous variety of appliances, applications, usage schedules, and installations, makes estimates very subjective.

Therefore, the maximum hourly heat gain for generic types of electric and steam appliances installed under a hood can be estimated from the following equation:

Qa = Qi ∗FUA∗FRA

Photovoltaic System

Photovoltaic offer the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet and reliable way. Photovoltaic systems are comprised of photovoltaic cells and devices that convert light energy directly into electricity. Because the source of light is usually the sun, they are often called solar cells. The word photovoltaic comes from “photo” meaning light and “voltaic” which refers to producing electricity [1]. Photovoltaic is often referred to as PV. as shown in figure 2

Figure 2: Solar Photovoltaic Plant

Photovoltaic Cell

It is a device that produces an electric reaction to light, producing electricity. PV cells do not use the sun’s heat to produce electricity. They produce electricity directly when sunlight interacts with semiconductor materials in the PV cells [1]. A typical PV cell made of crystalline silicon is 12 centimeters in diameter and 0.25 millimeters thick. In full sunlight, it generates 4 amperes of direct current at 0.5 volts or 2 watts of electrical power [2]. as shown in Figure 3

Figure 3: Photovoltaic Cell

Types of Photovoltaic Cells

the thin-film type

the crystalline type

(The crystalline type) (The thin-film type)

Performance of a Photovoltaic Module

The performance of PV modules and arrays are generally rated according to their maximum DC power output (watts) under Standard Test Conditions (STC). STC are defined by a module (cell) operating temperature of 25°C (77°F), and incident solar irradiance level of 1000 W/m2 (sun’s insolation) and under air mass of 1.5 spectral distribution.Since these conditions are not always typical of how PV modules and arrays operate in the field, actual performance is usually 85 to 90% of the STC rating [2]. A photovoltaic module will produce its maximum current when there is essentially no resistance in the circuit. Figure 3 depicts a graph called an I-V (current-voltage) curve. This would be a short circuit between its positive and negative terminals. This maximum current is called the short circuit current, abbreviated Isc which is the current when voltage is zero. Conversely, the maximum voltage is produced when there is a break in the circuit. This is called the open circuit voltage, abbreviated Voc. Under this condition the resistance is infinitely high and there is no current, since the circuit is incomplete [3]. These two extremes in load resistance, and the whole range of conditions in between them, are depicted on a graph called an I-V (current-voltage) curve. Current, expressed in amps, is on the vertical Y-axis. Voltage, in volts, is on the horizontal X-axis as shown in Figure 3. As seen in Figure 3. the short circuit current occurs on a point on the curve where the voltage is zero. The open circuit voltage occurs where the current is zero. The power available from a photovoltaic module at any point along the curve is expressed in watts. At both the short circuit current point and the open circuit voltage point, the power output is zero example curve is where the voltage is 17 volts, and the current is 2.5 amps. Therefore the maximum power in watts is 17 volts times 2.5 amps, equaling 42.5 wattsThe power, expressed in watts, at the maximum power point is described as peak, maximum, or ideal among other terms. The current-voltage (I-V) curve is primarily based on the module being under standard conditions of solar radiation and module temperature

Types of Photovoltaic System

There are basically three types of photovoltaic system:.

the grid connected PV system,

stand-alone system

the hybrid system.

The grid connected PV system,

a high quality inverter, which converts DC power from the solar array into AC power that conforms to the grid’s electrical requirements. During the day, the solar electricity generated by the system is either used immediately or sold off to electricity supply companies. In the evening, when the system is unable to supply immediate power, electricity can be bought back from the network as shown in Figure 4

Figure 4: The grid connected PV system,

stand-alone system

PV systems not connected to the electric utility grid are known as off grid PV Systems and also called stand-alone systems. Direct systems use the PV power immediately as it is produced, while battery storage systems can store energy to be used at a later time, either at night or during cloudy weather conditions. These systems are used in isolation of electricity grids, and may be used to power radio repeater stations, telephone booths and street lighting. Figure 6 shows a typical off grid PV systems.as shown in figure 5

Figure 5: stand-alone system

The hybrid system

A hybrid system combines the PV with other forms of power generation usually a diesel generator. Biogas can also used. The other form of power generation is usually a type, which is able to modulate the power output as a function of demand. However, more than one form of renewable energy may be used e.g. wind and solar [5]. The photovoltaic power generation serves to reduce the consumption of non-renewable fuel. Figure 6 shows a typical hybrid system.

Figure 6: The hybrid syste

Shading

External shading devices on a building facade is an important passive design strategy as they reduce solar radiation

shading devices, many are designed solely for aesthetic purposes without fully considering

The study aims to analyses the effects of various configurations of external shading devices towards the energy consumption of a case study building based on computer simulations.

This study uses Building Information Modelling (BIM) through Autodesk Revit software as simulation tool

Besides enhancing the aesthetic appearance to the buildings, shading devices on the building facades help to minimize energy consumption in the building. Several researchers have conducted studies on improvements and impact of shading devices on the building energy consumption where several types of passive design strategies can be implemented. Numerous strategies can be applied to minimize energy consumption in a building such as better OTTV values for walls and external shading devices.

A study in Hong Kong reported that an energy efficient envelope design could save as much as 35% of total the cooling demands [3].

Shading devices, which is a component of a building envelope, performs a crucial role to give positive influences towards energy efficiency in buildings [7, 8]. Generally, shading devices are used to protect inner spaces from direct solar gain through openings, windows and large glazed surfaces Different climatic region needs different configuration of shading devices. Buildings in hot-humid climate need to reduce solar radiation and sunlight penetration into the building. On the other hand, for cold climate, it is critical to let the sunlight enter into the building or the envelope material absorb the solar radiation to keep the warmth within the building especially in winter.

Light system

Lighting design is only one of many opportunities for achieving more environmentally friendly buildings, but its effects are surprisingly pervasive. In addition to greatly improved energy conservation, good lighting design can improve neighborhoods by reducing light pollution and can improve interior environments by better balancing natural and artificial illumination and offering inhabitants better lighting control.

An underlying concept in both LEED and Green Globes is that a sustainable building site should minimize light pollution from both the building interior and from exterior light sources. Light spillover should be minimized to improve night sky access, improve visibility through glare reduction, and reduce impact on neighboring property and the nocturnal environment in general. To accomplish these goals, lighting for a sustainable building should be designed to reduce the amount of light emitted horizontally or near horizontally

Reduced Energy Requirements

Designing a building to optimize energy usage is a complex process that involves consideration of the basic shape of the building, the choice and distribution of materials, and the selection and control of its various mechanical and electrical systems. With artificial lighting, the goal of energy optimization should involve designing appropriate ambient light levels for spaces of different functions, using fixtures that direct light where it is needed, using task lighting where possible, selecting more efficient lamps, and employing controls that automatically turn off lights when they are not needed.

using LED light bulbs, windows overhanging and light color stones take 6.89%, 5.14% and 3.46% of energy saving respectively

Designing spaces that are well illuminated yet use minimal energy can be a challenging task because of the many variables that are involved. In addition to those already mentioned, factors such as room proportions, reflectivity of room sources, and mounting height of fixtures should be taken into consideration. The results can be even more striking, however, when savings in air-conditioning costs are also factored in. More efficient lighting systems can significantly reduce the size and energy requirements of a building's HVAC systems.

Daylighting as a Green Building Strategy

The goal of proper daylighting design is to shape and fenestrate a building in such a way that enough natural light is admitted under most circumstances to allow building occupants to work easily.

The orientation of glazing is also a significant factor in successful daylighting design,

Reducing Toxic Waste from Lighting

Another goal of green building design is reducing the toxic waste from the construction and operation of a building over its lifetime. Fluorescent lamps, including compact fluorescent lamps, employ mercury for their operation, as do sodium vapor high-pressure lamps. Mercury is a toxic heavy metal and poses the greatest hazard to pregnant women, children, and infants. Landfills often refuse standard fluorescent and sodium vapor lamps because of their high mercury content.

With the recent availability of these high-efficiency, low-mercury alternative light sources, anyone interested in green building design should give serious consideration to specifying them for new construction, as well as for remodeling and retrofit applications. The LEED-EB Green Building Rating System for Existing Buildings includes

Wind energy

is a form of solar energy.[1] Wind energy (or wind power) describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert mechanical power into electricity[2]. Mechanical power can also be utilized directly for specific tasks such as pumping water. The US DOE developed a short wind power animation that provides an overview of how a wind turbine works and describes the wind resources in the United States. ergy

Wind Energy Basics

Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, variations in the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Mountains, bodies of water, and vegetation all influence wind flow patterns[2], [3]. Wind turbines convert the energy in wind to electricity by rotating propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor turns the drive shaft, which turns an electric generator. Three key factors affect the amount of energy a turbine can harness from the wind: wind speed, air density, and swept area.[4]

Wind speed

The amount of energy in the wind varies with the cube of the wind speed, in other words, if the wind speed doubles, there is eight times more energy in the wind .Small changes in wind speed have a large impact on the amount of power available in the wind [5].

Density of the air

The more dense the air, the more energy received by the turbine. Air density varies with elevation and temperature. Air is less dense at higher elevations than at sea level, and warm air is less dense than cold air. All else being equal, turbines will produce more power at lower elevations and in locations with cooler average temperatures[5].

Swept area of the turbine

The larger the swept area (the size of the area through which the rotor spins), the more power the turbine can capture from the wind. Since swept area is A = pi r^2 , where r = radius of the rotor, a small increase in blade length results in a larger increase in the power available to the turbine[5].

DOE Wind Programs and Information

DOE's Wind Energy Technologies Office works to improve the performance, lower the costs, and accelerate the deployment of innovative wind and water power technologies. Greater use of the nation's abundant wind and water resources for electric power generation will help stabilize energy costs, enhance energy security, and improve our environment[6].

WIND Exchange is a nationwide initiative designed to increase the use of wind energy across the United States by working with regional stakeholders. The WINDExchange program illustrates the Department of Energy's commitment to dramatically increase the use of wind energy in the United States. The WINDExchange website provides a wide range of wind-related information, including: State-by-state breakdowns of wind resource potential, success stories, installed wind capacity, news, events, and other resources, which are updated regularly[7].The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) is the nation's premier wind energy technology research facility. The goal of the research conducted at NWTC is to help industry reduce the cost of energy so that wind can compete with traditional energy sources, providing a clean, renewable alternative for our nation's energy needs.

Wind Farm Development

Siting a wind farm varies from one location to another, but there are some important matters for land owners to consider:[12]

Understand your wind resource

Evaluate distance from existing transmission lines

Determine benefits of and barriers to allowing your land to be developed

Establish access to capital

Identify reliable power purchaser or market

Address siting and project feasibility considerations

Understand wind energy’s economics

Obtain zoning and permitting expertise

Establish dialogue with turbine manufacturers and project developers

Secure agreement to meet O&M needs

Necessary Services to Avail

Wind power project or WPP involves development through own resources and manpower or by availing the technical services from consultant organisations:[13]

SITE IDENTIFICATION: The process starts with regional overviews and precision GIS mapping, through which the specific opportunities are determined at a feasible site. This also involves mapping of project boundaries, turbine micro-siting and optimisation.

WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT: Accurate Wind Resource Assessment of a widely variable resource is the most critical feature for success of a WPP. Meso-Scale and then Micro-Scale Wind Power Density/Wind Speed Map is produced for the site location through input of accurate contour/terrain data. Ideal spot is selected to install Anemometry System. The recorded wind data is critically analyzed and formatted to represent wind characteristics. A preliminary wind resource assessment can be carried out by using the freely available Global Wind Atlas.

MICRO-SITING & ENERGY ESTIMATION: This constitutes the foundation of a Wind Power Project. Wind Resource data is formatted in terms of Speed and direction. The characteristic power of selected Wind Electric Generator (WEG) is formatted. Detailed Contour data at close interval is prepared indicating roughness and terrain features. WEG layout is optimised and Micro-siting Map is prepared using software and then estimated is energy generation.

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT: Once the site, make and rating of WEG and the selling option are finalized, detailed survey and field study is conducted. Comprehensive layout design is prepared with optimization of generation along with detailed design for approach road and grid evacuation. Detailed costing and financial analysis is carried out to establish overall viability.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT: Implementation and Management of Wind power project, WPP, calls for Multi-disciplinary activities related to Technical, Financial and Commercial aspects. Not only quality of works needs to be checked, it is equally important to ensure close co-ordination and monitoring for timely commissioning.

MONITORING: Energy generation with respect to wind resource, frequency and type of machine and system failures needs to be critically monitored and analyzed to optimize generation. Income from WPP can be optimized only if break down and failure of WEG and evacuation system is avoided particularly during the limited high wind months.

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT: For the existing Wind Power projects also there is often need to ensure its performance improvement, which goes down with time. Critical analysis of monitoring reports along with on-site observations and in depth study immensely help in performance improvement through reduction in break-down time and interval losses. Due to seasonal availability of wind resource, generation increasing in cubic proportion of wind speed and overall low Plant Load Factor, parameter setting and operational/control logic needs to be site specific.

LENDER'S ENGINEERS: To meet the need of expert engineers to serve a project especially for a definite term or contract, where the task may not be managed with the available resources, the clients are provided Lenders Engineer’s services as per the requirements assessed mutually with the client. This involves serving through deputing or appointing suitable personnel and thus meeting the need of the project at a given point of time of various technical types

Land Requirements

The amount of land required for a wind farm varies considerably, and is particularly dependent on two key factors: the desired size of the wind farm (which can be defined either by installed capacity or the number of turbines) and the characteristics of the local terrain[14]. Typically, wind turbine spacing is determined by the rotor diameter and local wind conditions. Some estimates suggest spacing turbines between 5 and 10 rotor diameters apart. If prevailing winds are generally from the same direction, turbines may be installed 3 or 4 rotor diameters apart (in the direction perpendicular to the prevailing winds); under multi-directional wind conditions, spacing of between 5 and 7 rotor diameters is recommended[14].

Conclusion

ABSTRACT Green energy is at the heart of all ecological strategies because it affects companies in three vital areas: environmental, economic, and social. Conventional energy sources based on oil, coal, and natural gas have proven to be highly effective drivers of damaging to the environ economic progress, but at the same time renewable energy sources is enormous as they can in principle meet many times the world's energy demand. Renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal can provide sustainable energy services, based on the use of routinely available, indigenous resources. Renewable energy sources currently supply somewhere between 15 percent and 20 percent of world's total energy demand. The supply is dominated by traditional biomass, mostly fuel wood used for cooking and heating, especially in developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. A major contribution is also obtained from the use of large hydropower; with nearly 20 percent of the global electricity supply being provided source. New renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, modern bio-energy, geothermal energy, and small hydropower) are currently contributing about two percent. A number of scenario studies have investigated the potential contribution of renewables to global energy supplies, indicating that in the second half of the 21 century their contribution might range from the present figure of nearly 20 percent to more than 50 percent with the right policies in place. environment and to human health.

References

1. Zhongzheng Lu,Zunyuan Xie, Qian Lu, Zhijin Zhao (2000). An Encyclopedia of Architecture & Civil Engineering of China. China Architecture & Building Press.

1. Mardiana-Idayu, A.; Riffat, S.B. (February 2012). "Review on heat recovery technologies for building applications". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 16 (2): 1241–1255. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.026. ISSN 1364-0321

1. S. C. Sugarman (2005). HVAC fundamentals. The Fairmont Press, Inc.

1. Ramesh K. Shah, Dusan P. Sekulic (2003). Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

1. Nielsen, Toke Rammer; Rose, Jørgen; Kragh, Jesper (February 2009). "Dynamic model of counter flow air to air heat exchanger for comfort ventilation with condensation and frost formation". Applied Thermal Engineering. 29 (2–3): 462–468. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.03.006. ISSN 1359-4311.

1. Fehrm, Mats; Reiners, Wilhelm; Ungemach, Matthias (June 2002). "Exhaust air heat recovery in buildings". International Journal of Refrigeration. 25 (4): 439–449. doi:10.1016/s0140-7007(01)00035-4. ISSN 0140-7007.

1. Vali, Alireza; Simonson, Carey J.; Besant, Robert W.; Mahmood, Gazi (December 2009). "Numerical model and effectiveness correlations for a run-around heat recovery system with combined counter and cross flow exchangers". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 52 (25–26): 5827–5840. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.07.020. ISSN 0017-9310.

1. O’Connor, Dominic; Calautit, John Kaiser S.; Hughes, Ben Richard (February 2016). "A review of heat recovery technology for passive ventilation applications" (PDF). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 54: 1481–1493. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.039. ISSN 1364-0321.

1. A. Regin, S. Solanki, J. Saini, Heat transfer characteristics of thermal energy storage system using PCM capsules: a review, Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 12, 2438–2458 (2008) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

1. M. Amar, M. Mohamed, A review on energy conservation in building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase change materials, Energy Convers. Manag. 45, 263–275 (2004) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

1. https://sustainability.williams.edu/green-building-basics/passive-solar-design#:~:text=Passive%20solar%20design%20refers%20to,or%20absorb%20the%20solar%20radiation.

1. Zenhäusern, Daniel; Bamberger, Evelyn (2017). PVT Wrap-Up: Energy Systems with Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collectors (PDF). EnergieSchweiz.

1. http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.c.ije.201501.06.html#:~:text=There%20are%20also%20some%20strategies,promote%20sustainable%20ground%20water%20supply.

1. Bundschuh, Jochen; Chen, Guangnan (2014-03-07). Sustainable Energy Solutions in Agriculture. CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN 9781315778716.

1. https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/market-technology/heat-pump-work/ Article on IEA HPT TCP How does a heat pump work?

1. https://www.nordicghp.com/commercial-heat-pumps/eco-friendly/