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[Last Name 5]
Model Research Question and Annotated Bibliography (RQAB)
A few words of caution about this Model:
This document is intended primarily as a general model for the contents and organization of the RQAB. It should not replace the prompt and writing manual as a reference tool; those are still the authority when it comes to requirements and expectations of the assignment. Be wary of copying ideas and formatting of this document too slavishly; after all, your topic, introduction, research question description and annotations will be quite different from this model. While some flexibility may well be appropriate in how you write your introduction, research question context, and annotations, you must carefully address each of the required elements of the assignment as outlined in the prompt. You should also use appropriate reference tools such as the Guidelines for MMW Papers and the MLA rules set forth in your writing manual (e.g. the format for page numbering.)
While only 6 scholarly sources are required for this assignment, the model below includes bibliographic information on the additional material that was cited in the introduction and that did not come from scholarly sources.
Note: The bracketed notations in the model above are for your reference only; they are designed to help you identify important elements of the assignment. You may find it helpful to use these notations as you draft the RQAB and Prospectus, but do not include them in the final versions that you submit for grading.
Disclaimer: The sources and material cited in this model are fictitious and serve only as a model.
Consider: Assume that this student writer arrived at this research area (which may still be much too broad for an 8-10 page paper), by reviewing the MMW 122 Research Areas handout and considering her interest in public health. The student submitted the following Research Question and Annotated Bibliography that generally met the requirements of the assignment.
· If you were the TA, how would you grade this assignment?
· What interventions would you make to improve the student’s research approach and plan
for the paper?
· What improvements would you recommend to the writing of this particular RQAB?
On next page, it is a just example of topic from another student, briefly explain about the topic!
[Student Last Name] 1
[Student Name]
[Section Number, TA Name]
Research Question and Annotated Bibliography: MMW 122, Winter 2017 [Day Month Year]
[Title] Reducing Diabetes: A Global Initiative?
[Introduction to the topic] In November, 2014, the Second International Conference on Nutrition advocated for a global initiative to end the malnutrition, obesity and diabetes responsible for 20% of all premature deaths (World Health Report, 2014). The International Diabetes Federation’s Global Diabetes Plan of 2011-2021 calls diabetes “one of the major health and development challenges of the twenty-first century” resulting in 4.6 million deaths annually and “among the top ten contributors to disability worldwide” (Intl. Diabetes Fed., forew0rd). It advocates a coordinated international program to require food manufacturers to reduce (hidden) sugars in processed foods by 10% by 2018 would be the most simple and universal method for reducing global sugar intakes, thereby addressing what some have labelled “a diabetes epidemic.”
[Conceptual Problem and Question] Confronted with these developments, we might wonder whether, as some analysts have maintained, an international program to reduce sugar intake is the best way to address the global obesity and diabetes problem. Other methods have been identified including programs to improve the quality of staple foods, international or national guidelines for the diagnosis, control, and management of diabetes, and UN and national diabetes awareness programs. The first thing to consider is whether diabetes is a global
epidemic, and, therefore, whether the best solutions to the global problem are international or national/regional. After considering the arguments of advocates and critics, and with limited resources and considering global applications, what appears to be the most effective approach for addressing the global diabetes crisis? My research will explore calls for international versus local guidelines and research that focuses on biomedical versus lifestyle factors.
Annotated Bibliography
Abegunde Dele O., et. al. “The Burden and Costs of Chronic Diseases in Low-income and Middle-Income Countries. Lancet, vol. 370, no. 9603, December 8, 2007, pp. 1929-38. [Credibility and overview of the source and author] This paper authored by international health economists, academics and physicians was published in the peer- reviewed UK medical journal The Lancet. The paper presents estimates of the disease burden and loss of economic output associated with chronic diseases, including diabetes, in 23 selected low-income and middle-income countries where chronic diseases resulted in 50% of the total disease burden in 2005 (1929). [Relevance of arguments to the topic/question] It advocates for a global goal for chronic disease prevention and argues that resolving the diabetes crisis would have a significant impact on economic production in low income countries; therefore, this article would support the argument for international guidelines and programs to solve regional/national chronic disease crises.
Gillani, Syed Wasif, et. al., “Clinical Critics in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus.” Health,
vol. 4, no. 8, August 2012, pp. 537-548. Web of Science, doi: 10.1098/s7653-210-10-8.
[Last Name] 2
[Demonstrates credibility and qualifies position on epidemic] This paper published by five Malaysian and Pakistani scholars of pharmaceutical sciences in the peer-reviewed journal Health, argues that “there is a global epidemic of diabetes (537).” While this supports the position for an international approach to solving a global problem, the authors also argue that “certain ethnic groups including Asians are affected more than Caucasians (537)” and recognizes that certain genetic or biomedical factors and cultural
factors (lifestyle factors) may influence self-care behaviors promoted by universal/global guidelines (543). This may suggest that local/regional solutions may be more effective or just as necessary as international/global guidelines.
Home, Philip, et. al. “Comparison of National/Regional Diabetes Guidelines for the Management of Blood Glucose Control in non-Western Countries.” Diabetes Therapy, vol. 4, no. 1, May 4, 2013, pp. 91-102. JSTOR, doi: 10.1007/s13300-123-4567-8.
This article by nine scholars and faculty of medicine nine different nations truly represents an international collaboration. The article published in the peer-reviewed journal Diabetes Therapy, also describes diabetes as a “global epidemic” greatest in countries with very recent and steep rises in income. Moreover, the authors contribute and compare local diabetes guidelines from 33 of 75 countries outside North America, western Europe and Australasia (91). The main argument is that international guidelines are critical because 1) some countries do not develop their own guidelines, 2) many countries base their guidelines on international guidelines, and 3) international guidelines tend to be updated more frequently than national/regional/local guidelines.
International Diabetes Federation. Global Diabetes Plan of 2011-2021. Geneva, 2011, pp. 1-27. https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/Global_Diabetes_Plan_Final.pdf.
Reference for material cited in introduction.
Karamat MA, et.al. “Review of Diabetes Management and Guidelines During Ramadan.” Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 103:139-147, doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2010.12345. This article authored by two scholars of diabetes and endocrinology from the the University of Birmingham (UK) and published in the peer-reviewed Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine focuses on local diabetes guidelines, specifically those applying to a particular cultural group and practice: obligatory Muslim fasting practices during the month of Ramadan. This article demonstrates the significance of local/cultural (lifestyle) guidelines in addressing specific local/cultural (lifestyle) practices and challenges the primacy or authority of international/universal guidelines to manage the global diabetes crisis since “culture and religion have a great impact on the management of chronic disease like diabetes (147).”
Mattei, Joseimer. “Reducing the Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes by Improving the Quality of Staple Foods.” Globalization and Health, vol. 11, no. 23, June 4, 2015, n.p. Academic Search Complete, doi: 10.1186/s12990-123-4567-8.
While the above sources focus attention on the development of international guidelines for reducing the global burden of diabetes that has reached “epidemic proportions,” other research advocates international programs for improving the quality of staple foods to most effectively reduce these rates. Looking at staple foods contributing to carbohydrate (and sugar) intake in eleven different countries, a team of seven scholars from the
Harvard University Department of Public Health who are members of the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative emphasized biomedical factors in reducing diabetes, specifically the reduction of highly refined and processed carbohydrate sources and the increase less processed traditional foods. They advocate global research efforts to identify and promote the intake of culturally acceptable, high-quality staple foods to combat diabetes.
Second International Conference on Nutrition. World Health Report, 2017. November, 2014, http://www.worldhealthreport/sicn2014.
Reference for material cited in introduction.
van Bruggen, Robin, et.al. “Implementation of Locally Adapted Guidelines on Type 2 Diabetes.” Family Practice, vol. 25, pp. 430-437, Web of Science, Doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmn045.
This study by a team of five Dutch researchers at the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care determined that while locally adapted diabetes care guidelines may have improved the care of patients with diabetes, it did not significantly change outcomes or improve the cardiovascular risks of people with type 2 diabetes.
World Health Organization. “Press Release: WHO Calls on Countries to Reduce Sugars Intake Among Adults and Children.” March 4, 2015, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/.
Based on recent scientific reports, the WHO concluded that consuming less sugar lowers body weight and tooth decay, both significant precursors to chronic obesity and diabetes.