Mod 6 Class PAASU
Answer classmates post. 150-200 words must have a scholar source per question. Respond to both posts.
Due 19 Sep by 1200 cst
1. The main differences between prerenal acute frenal failure, intrarenal acute renal failure, and postrenal acute renal failure is the location of the kidney dysfunction. All of these three failures fall under the umbrella of Acute Kidney Injury. The location can be noted by the names. Prerenal acute renal failure happens above the kidneys, typically in the urethral tubes that lead to the kidney, there is nothing wrong with the actual kidneys. The blood perfusion going to the kidneys is the issue. The perfusion is too low, and the kidneys are not getting the blood they need to perform at their optimal level. Symptoms of this condition include, low urine output, high urine osmolarity, and a buildup of electrolytes and minerals in the body. Intrarenal acute failure occurs in the actual kidneys themselves. This condition is caused by direct damage to the kidneys that will result in loss of function. Signs and symptoms of this condition include flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dysuria (Huether, et. al., 2020). When looking at their labs, one will notice a high BUN, High creatine, high specific gravity of their urine, and a low GFR. Finally, we have, postrenal kidney failure (Huether, et. al., 2020). Similar to prerenal failure there is nothing actually wrong with the kidneys. The cause of the postrenal kidney failure is an obstruction in the urinary tract below the kidneys causes waste to build up in the kidneys. So instead of the waste being expelled from the bladder it is building up in the kidney and preventing them from performing at their full optimal ability. Risk factors for prerenal acute kidney failure are things such as severe blood loss and low blood pressure related to major cardiac or abdominal surgery, severe infection, or injury. Even medications that affect blood flow to the kidneys can cause this issue (Huether, et. al., 2020). Risk factors for intrarenal kidney failure are Surgery, especially cardiovascular or abdominal surgery, Direct injury to the kidney, Severe burns, Severe muscle injury or extreme physical exertion. Risk factors for postrenal kidney failure include Kidney stones . Kidney stones most often develop in the ureters, an enlarged prostate ( benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH ), a bladder that doesn't empty properly, blood clots in the ureters or urethra, and cancer of the prostate, cervix, or colon. Prevention strategies of all three include the use of drugs that act in the inhibition of the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as antioxidants; strategies that increase renal blood flow, thereby increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR); strategies that promote hydration through the use of bicarbonate or sodium chloride (Santana-Santos, et. al., 2018). Essi
References
Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L, and Brashers, V. (2020). Understanding pathophysiology. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier Inc.
Santana-Santos, E., Marcusso, M. E., Rodrigues, A. O., Queiroz, F. G., Oliveira, L. B., Rodrigues, A. R., & Palomo, J. (2018). Estratégias de prevenção da lesão renal aguda em cirurgia cardíaca: revisão integrativa [Strategies for prevention of acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery: an integrative review]. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva, 26(2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507x.20140027
2. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
Human papillomavirus is one of the most common types of sexually transmiitted infections. HPV affects both men and women and can infect the penis, vulva, anus, linings of the vagina, cervix, or rectum. There are multiple types of HPV, and the high risk types are closely associated with high-grade dysplasia and cancer. The precancerous lesion or ,cervical carcinoma in situ, is a more advanced form of the cell changes and can progress to invasive cancer. "Of the more than 100 types of HPV, about 40 of these affect the genitals. Two types cause 70 percent of cancers of the cervix" (Healthlink, 2019). A woman's cervix is lined with squamous cells at the outer aspect and columnar glandular cells along the inner canal. "HPV's infect immature basal cells of the squamous epithelium in the areas of epithelial breaks or injury, or immature metaplastic squamous cells present at the squamocolumnar junction" (Huether, McCance, &Brashers, pg. 797). Risk factors for cervical cancer include multiple sex partners, a male partner with multiple sex partners, high parity, immunosuppression, history of oral contraceptive use, and use of nicotine. HPV can be detected through a Pap Smear exam and HPV testing. Symptoms of HPV include abnormal vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, and genital warts. All women are encouraged to be screened for cervical cancer by having yearly Pap smear exams. HPV vaccines are available to receive and help prevent HPV infection. Inidividuals are encouraged to practive safer sex by using condoms, get regularly tested for sexually transmitted infections, and inform your sexual partners of any sexually contracted infections they may have. Shonti
References
Huether, S., McCance, K., & Brashers, V. (2020) Understanding Pathophysiology. 7th Edition. St.Louis, MO. Elsevier Inc.
HealthlinkBC. (2019) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Genital Warts. [Accessed September 16,2020]. https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/hpv-genital-warts