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A Moving-Direction-Oriented Handoff Scheme for Directional Antennas in Wireless Local Area Networks

Xiaoqian Lyu and Jiang Xie Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Email: {xlv, linda.xie}@uncc.edu

Abstract—Directional antennas have been intensively studied in wireless local area networks (WLANs) in order to increase space reuse rate, reduce interference, and extend transmission range, etc. However, the handoff techniques of directional antennas still need improvement. One critical problem is to reduce the extremely long handoff latency of directional antennas caused by the sequential search of sectors in the channel scanning phase. In this paper, we propose a moving-direction-oriented handoff scheme which prioritizes the scanning of sectors by the moving direction of a mobile station. The moving direction is calculated by an analytical method utilizing the direction-of- arrival information of the mobile station. Simulation results show that the calculated moving direction can achieve an accuracy of over 98%. The proposed scheme can significantly reduce the channel scanning latency without degrading the searching range. Moreover, the handoff frequency of stations is also reduced, which is beneficial in saving network resources.

I. INTRODUCTION

With the feature of beamforming towards a particular direc- tion, directional antennas have the ability to increase spatial reuse rate, reduce interference, extend transmission range, save power consumption, etc. Particularly, directional antennas provide a good solution to extend the communication range at high frequency bands (e.g., 60GHz IEEE 802.11ad networks) [1]. Driven by these benefits and demand, numerous research works on wireless network design using directional antennas have flourished over the last decade.

Smart directional antennas combine antenna arrays and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques. The DSP module can estimate the Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) of signals. Based on the DoA, the antenna array performs beamforming and implements communications [2]. Due to this new property of directional antennas, traditional MAC protocols and handoff mechanisms for omni-directional antennas do not work any- more. By now, various MAC protocols have been proposed for wireless networks with directional antennas [3], [4]. However, the handoff issue of directional antennas is not well handled yet. The most important challenge is to reduce the extremely long handoff latency of directional antennas. In IEEE 802.11 handoff process, the total handoff delay includes channel scanning latency, authentication latency, and reassociation latency, among which the channel scanning latency counts for almost 90% of the total handoff latency [5]. If directional

This work was supported in part by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. CNS-0953644, CNS-1218751, and CNS-1343355.

antennas are used, the channel scanning latency will multiply, because directional antennas can only search one sector at a time so that they have to search each sector sequentially in order to find all available access points (APs) around them as shown in Fig. 1. An alternative method is to scan in isotropic mode. However, the searching range will be reduced under constant transmission power, which reduces the probability of finding new APs in the searching range thus degrading the handoff success rate, as demonstrated in Fig. 2. If a station increases its transmission power to reach the same searching range, the extremely high transmission power may be unaffordable for the station. According to [6], [7], for a directional antenna with a beamwidth of 60◦, the transmission power of isotropic transmission needs to increase by 7-8 times in order to reach the same transmission range. This is especially intolerable in high mobility and energy-constrained environments. Therefore, taking both the handoff latency and searching range into consideration, it is imperative to design an efficient handoff solution for directional antennas.

moving directionAP1

AP3

AP4 AP5

AP6

scanning directions

Fig. 1. Channel scanning of a station with directional antennas.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

AP busy rate

H an

do ff

s uc

ce ss

r at

e (%

)

Directional mode Omni−directional mode

Fig. 2. Handoff success rate of directional antennas and omni- directional antennas under the same transmission power.

In order to solve the long handoff latency problem of directional antennas, two methods for vehicular networks – cached and online mode – are proposed in [8]. The cached mode collects the RF signature database during “idle” drive to guide handoffs when a car moves along a known route. The online mode requires a mobile station to probe all APs in real time instead of using the RF signature database. Though the cached mode outperforms the online mode, it works only for known routes. For unknown routes, a car has to use the online mode, but the penalty is the extremely long handoff latency. A simple and effective channel scanning scheme is used in [8] so that the channel scanning time can be reduced

significantly, but the handoff latency is still very long (3080ms in the setting of [8]). In [9], a dynamic beamforming handoff scheme is proposed using neighbor profiles cached in APs. However, it is not feasible when the network status changes, e.g., APs change locations, control channels, or beam width. Moreover, the updating of neighbor profiles causes excessive overhead to the network.

In this paper, we propose a moving-direction-oriented hand- off scheme which can significantly reduce the latency of channel scanning without reducing the searching range under consistent power consumption. First, we propose a method to calculate the moving direction of stations using the DoA information collected by directional antennas. The proposed method does not require multiple APs’ corporation and is not restricted to indoor applications, which is different from the localization mechanisms of WLANs [10], [11]. Based on the calculated moving direction of stations, the number of sectors to be scanned is reduced by choosing new APs with a higher priority in the moving direction. Although not all directions are scanned in our scheme, the handoff success rate is not compromised. More importantly, the handoff frequency can also be significantly reduced, because APs in the moving direction of a station may serve it for a longer time, as compared to those in the opposite moving direction of the station. Lower handoff frequency can help to save network resources, which is beneficial to the whole network.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the proposed scheme is described. In Section III, simulation results are given, followed by the conclusions in Section IV.

II. THE PROPOSED MOVING-DIRECTION-ORIENTED HANDOFF SCHEME

A. Direction-of-Arrival

The DoA of a signal at a node is defined as the direction in which the signal arrives. In this paper, we describe the DoA using a polar coordinate system centered at the node. We can also describe the change of DoA in the polar coordinate system when the transmitter of signals moves from one point to another. An example is shown in Fig. 3. An AP (receiver) is at point O and a station (transmitter) is at point A. The DoA of signals from the station at the AP is DoAA = 60◦. If the station moves to point B, then DoAB = 0◦ and the change of DoA is Δθ = DoAB − DoAA = 0◦ − 60◦ = −60◦. The negative sign indicates that the DoA changes clockwise.

B. Calculation of the Moving Direction

We consider the handoff scenario as shown in Fig. 4. An AP is communicating with a station when the station passes point A and point B sequently in its moving trajectory. A handoff is triggered by the station at point B, and point A is close to point B. The moving direction of the station at point B is the tangential direction of the moving trajectory which is denoted by d in the figure. Since point A is close to point B, we can use the direction of

−−→ AB to approximate the moving direction

denoted by d′ in the figure.

0°

45°

90°

135°

180°

225°

270°

315°

60°

AP B

Δθ

Fig. 3. Definition of DoA and angle difference of two DoA values.

Δθ

αO

A B

d’ d

moving trajectory

Fig. 4. Calculation of the moving direction of a station.

When a handoff is triggered, the station is beamforming towards the AP. In order to beamform towards its moving direction, the station needs to know the degree of angle it should rotate its antenna from its current beamforming direction. We use a rotating angle α to denote this degree as shown in Fig. 4. Note that α is also a signed value which indicates the rotation is counter-clockwise/clockwise by a positive/negative sign.

1) Calculation of α: The calculation of α can be imple- mented by either the AP or the station. The idea and math- ematical formulas of these two ways are basically the same. Here we introduce the method of assigning the calculation task to the AP. We will explain the advantages and disadvantages of the AP calculation and the station self-calculation in later subsections.

As mentioned above, the AP can obtain the DoA of signals from the station at point A and B, denoted by DoAA and DoAB , respectively. The change of DoA is also obtained by Δθ = DoAB−DoAA. On the other hand, the station monitors the received signal strength (RSS) of signals during the whole process. RSS is an indicator of the reception power Pr at the station which is given by

Pr = PtGtGr KDμ

, (1) where Gt is the transmitter gain, Gr is the receiver gain, Pt is the transmission power, D is the distance between the station and the AP, μ is the path-loss factor, and K is a constant. Based on (1), the ratio of the two distances OA and OB in Fig. 4 is OA

OB = (

Pr,B Pr,A

) 1 µ

, (2)

where Pr,B and Pr,A are the reception power at point B and point A, respectively.

According to the Law of Sines, AB

sin Δθ =

sin(180◦ − α) = OB

sin(α − Δθ) . (3)

Then, OAOB can be expressed as OA

OB =

sin α sin(α − Δθ) =

sin α sinα cos Δθ − cos α sin Δθ . (4)

After rearrangement of (4), we get

k · cos Δθ sin α = sin α + k · cos α sin Δθ, (5) where k � OAOB . Then, we have

tan α = k sin Δθ

k cos Δθ − 1 . (6)

Usually, OA is shorter than OB, so k is a value in (0, 1). According to (6), if Δθ ∈ [0◦, 180◦], then α is a negative value; if Δθ ∈ [−180◦, 0◦), then α is a positive value. Because α is an exterior angle of the triangle �OAB, the value of α should be in (90◦, 180] or [−180◦,−90◦). Based on this range, we can obtain the value of α from (6).

Note that α is a signed value. A positive sign indicates that the station should rotate its antenna counter-clockwise and a negative sign indicates rotating clockwise. Based on the calculated value of α, the station rotates its antenna clockwise when Δθ > 0 and counter-clockwise when Δθ < 0. When Δθ = 0◦, we get tan α = 0 according to (6). Based on the range of α, we get that α should be either 180◦ or −180◦, which means that the station should rotate its antenna to the opposite direction in order to arrive its moving direction.

2) Tolerance to Error: As shown in Fig. 4, we use d′ to approximate the moving direction d. Thus, there is a difference ε between d and d′. However, the calculated α can tolerate this error ε since the beamwidth of directional antennas is usually larger than ε. Let β denote the beamwidth of the directional antenna of the station. When the station beamforms towards d′, the beam can cover the moving direction d as long as ε < β2 .

3) Modification of Δθ: It should be noticed that when the station moves across 0◦ in the polar coordinate system, the calculated value of Δθ is incorrect (shifted by 360◦). Since Δθ is an inner angle of �OAB, it should be in the range of (−180◦, 180◦). Therefore, the value of Δθ is modified according to Algorithm 1.

Algorithm 1 : Calculation of Δθ

1: Δθ = DoAB −DoAA; 2: if Δθ ∈ [−360◦,−180◦] then 3: Δθ ← Δθ + 360◦; 4: else if Δθ ∈ [180◦, 360◦] then 5: Δθ ← Δθ − 360◦; 6: end if 7: if Δθ ∈ (−180◦, 180◦) then 8: return Δθ 9: end if

For example, if DoAA = 345◦,DoAB = 15◦, then Δθ = 15◦− 345◦ = −330◦. In this case, DoAB should be modified to 15◦ + 360◦ = 375◦, so Δθ = 375◦ − 345◦ = 30◦.

4) Setting of Point A: As mentioned above, two points in the moving trajectory of the station are needed to calculate the moving direction. Usually, point B (handoff trigger point) is detected when the RSS of the received signal from the AP falls below a threshold RSSth. In this paper, we use a similar method to detect point A by setting another threshold RSSprep. When the RSS of the received signal falls below RSSprep, a handoff preparation event is triggered.

However, in practical situations, special cases may happen because the station may divert, pause, or fluctuate in its trajectory. Three special moving trajectories are shown in Fig. 5. In case (a), a station moves into the handoff preparation area and a handoff preparation event is triggered, but then it turns back towards the AP. In this case, the previously selected

point A should be deleted. In case (b), a station moves into the handoff preparation area, then it turns back to the AP but then again moves into the preparation area followed by a handoff triggered. In this case, point A should be selected the second time the station enters the handoff preparation area. In case (c), a station moves into the handoff preparation area, and pauses in the area for some time. Then it changes its moving direction and moves out of the handoff preparation area. In this case, it is better to update point A at the pause point in order to get the correct moving direction for the handoff.

handoff preparation area

(a) (b) (c)

pause AP

moving trajectory

AP AP

moving trajectorymoving trajectory

Fig. 5. Some special moving trajectories of a station.

In order to handle different moving trajectory of stations as listed in Fig. 5, we introduce a timer to update the information of point A during the handoff preparation process. Point A is updated according to the following rules:

• When the RSS of the received signal falls below RSSprep, the current position of the station is selected as point A. The station informs the AP to store the current DoA and Pr as DoAA and Pr,A. A timer is started and the station enters the handoff preparation state.

• If the timer is not expired and the RSS of the received signal keeps below RSSprep, the station stays in the handoff preparation state.

• If the timer is not expired but the RSS of the received signal goes above RSSprep, then the station informs the AP to delete the previously stored DoAA and Pr,A. The station exits the handoff preparation state.

• If the timer is expired and the station is in the handoff preparation state, then the station informs the AP to update the DoAA and Pr,A with the current position of the station. The timer is restarted.

• If the timer is not expired and the station is in the handoff preparation state while the RSS of the received signal falls below RSSth, a handoff is triggered. The station informs the AP to store the current DoA and Pr of the signal as DoAB and Pr,B . The AP calculates the moving direction of the station. The station enters the handoff state.

5) Configuration of Timer: As mentioned above, a time- to-live (TTL) value should be assigned to the timer. If the TTL value is too large, the timer may not restart when the station pauses in the handoff preparation area. As a result, point A cannot be updated and the calculated moving direction is incorrect. Therefore, a small TTL value is preferred for the timer. However, if the TTL is too small, point A will be updated too often, which will result in too much overhead to the network. Moreover, when the timer is too small, point A and point B are too close, so the directional antenna cannot

differentiate DoAA and DoAB . Therefore, the value of TTL should be restricted by the tolerance to error of the scheme and the resolution of directional antennas.

The maximum value of the TTL is restricted by the tolerance to error of our solution. The error should not be larger than the error shown in Fig. 6. A station moves smoothly from point A to point B along an arc in the handoff preparation area. At point B, the calculated moving direction of the station is d′. However, the actual moving direction should be d. The difference between the two directions is denoted as ε in the figure. A

B Δθ

d’ d ɛ

moving trajectory

beamwidth handoff preparation area

Fig. 6. The maximum of TTL is restricted by the tolerance to error.

The relationship between ε and Δθ is ε = 180◦ − 90◦ − (180

◦−Δθ 2 ) =

Δθ 2 . In order to cover the moving direction of the

station by the beamwidth of directional antennas, ε should be smaller than β2 , i.e.,

Δθ 2 <

β 2 . Let v denote the moving speed

of the station. Let r denote the radius of the transmission range of directional antennas. The value of TTL should be restricted by

TTL < (π · β/180◦) · r

v =

πr · β v · 180◦ . (7)

The minimum value of the TTL is restricted by the resolu- tion of the DoA estimation algorithm of directional antennas. The resolution is the smallest angle difference that the DoA estimation algorithm can detect. Let δ denote the resolution of directional antennas in this work. The value of TTL should be restricted by

TTL > (π · δ/180◦) · r

v =

πr · δ v · 180◦ . (8)

Usually, DoA estimation algorithms can achieve a resolution of 2◦ [12] which is smaller than the beamwidth of directional antennas. Combining (7) and (8), the value of TTL should be set in the range

πr · δ v · 180◦ < TTL <

πr · β v · 180◦ . (9)

6) Tradeoff of Moving Direction Calculation by APs or Stations: As mentioned above, the moving direction of the station can be calculated by either the AP or the station itself. Both ways have advantages and disadvantages. If the AP calculates the moving direction, additional signaling messages are required between the station and the AP, which will result in extra overhead. The additional signaling messages include two types. One is Points Config signaling messages. They are sent by the station to notify the AP to setup/delete/update the DoA and RSS values of point A and point B. Among them, the amount of signaling messages to update point A is related to TTL. The smaller the TTL is, the more the signaling messages will be. The second type of additional messages is Move Direct signaling messages. It is sent by

the AP to inform the station of the calculated moving direction. This message is sent only once during one handoff process.

If the station calculates the moving direction by itself, all the updates and calculation will be executed by the station. No additional overhead is brought in. However, this workload will consume more energy of the station. In reality, to keep a low battery consumption is a very important consideration, especially for mobile devices. Therefore, whether to assign the movement calculation task to the AP or the station is dependent on practical requirements and the capability of devices.

C. Moving-direction-oriented Channel Scanning

After obtaining the value of α, the AP informs the station with the value of α. The station rotates its antenna by α degree to arrive its moving direction. In order to reduce the number of directions to be scanned, we classify all available APs in different priority levels according to their angle difference to the moving direction of the station, as shown in Fig. 7. Smaller angle difference means that the AP is closer to the moving direction of the station, so we give a higher scanning priority to it. During the channel scanning process, the station first beamforms towards the highest prioritized direction to perform channel scanning. If one or more responses are received in this direction, the station selects a new AP and stops the scanning. Lower-priority directions are only scanned when no response is received in the current direction.

AP1

AP2

AP3

AP4

AP5

AP6

P1 moving direction

Fig. 7. Priority of available neighboring APs according to their angle difference to the moving direction of the station. (Pi: scanning priority. P1: the highest priority.)

The channel scanning process is described in Algorithm 2.

Algorithm 2 : Moving-direction-oriented Channel Scanning

1: Set the total number of directions: Total direct = � 360◦ β �;

2: for k = 1 to Total direct do 3: Set current scan direction based on moving direction:

Scan direct = Mov direct + (−1)k� (k−1) 2 �β;

4: Scan all channels: 5: for ch id = 1 to Total channels do 6: Send probe: Probe(ch id) = 1; 7: if Response flag(ch id) == 1 then 8: Response RSS(ch id) = Current RSS; 9: end if

10: end for 11: Check all responses in the current direction: 12: if find(Response > 0) ≥ 1 then 13: Stop scanning of remaining directions:

Direction id = Num Directions; 14: end if 15: end for 16: NewAP channel = Index of max(Response RSS);

D. Summary

The proposed scheme aims to search new APs in the moving direction of a mobile station with a higher priority. When a handoff is triggered by a station, the station sends a Handoff Request message to its current AP to inform the handoff. The current AP calculates the rotating angle α and includes it in a Handoff Reply message to the station. The station extracts the rotating angle from the Handoff Reply message and rotates its antenna to the moving direction. Using the proposed scheme, two benefits can be obtained:

1) The channel scanning delay is greatly reduced because fewer directions are scanned.

2) The handoff frequency is also significantly reduced in the long run because our preferred new APs can provide longer connectivity duration compared with other APs.

III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

In this section, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme and compare it with alternative schemes. First, we de- scribe the settings of scenarios in the simulations. Then, three aspects of performance are evaluated: accuracy of moving direction calculation, channel scanning latency, and handoff frequency. A. Simulation Setup

In our simulation, APs are evenly distributed in a square area. Mobile stations are moving randomly within the area following the Random Waypoint model. For simplicity, the propagation of signals follows the free space model. At startup, the control channel of APs are randomly allocated. In order to simulate different traffic load of APs, we set different busy rates for APs. The values of the simulation parameters are listed in TABLE I. Note that the TTL of handoff preparation timer is calculated based on (9).

TABLE I SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Time slot 2 ms Total simulation time 20000 s Side length of the simulation area 300 m Transmission range 150 m Total number of APs 36 Total number of channels 11 Total number of stations 20 Beamwidth of directional antennas 60◦ Resolution of directional antennas 2◦ [12] MinChannelTime 1 ms [5] MaxChannelTime 10 ms [5] Channel switching time 10 ms [8] Beam switching time 250 μs [8] TTL of handoff preparation timer 2-60 s Random Waypoint: Moving speed of stations 1-5 m/s Random Waypoint: Moving time of stations 20-200 s

B. Accuracy of Moving Direction Calculation

First, we evaluate the accuracy of the moving direction calculated in Section II since this is the prerequisite of our handoff scheme. We compare the calculated direction and the actual moving direction of mobile stations. The actual moving direction is the tangential direction of the trajectory of the sta- tion at a particular point. The numbers of correct calculations

and wrong calculations are counted, and the percentage of the correct calculations is used as the evaluation of accuracy. Our method is tested in both high-mobility networks and low- mobility networks. The result is shown in TABLE II. Note that the values of TTL are selected in the range calculated by (9).

TABLE II ACCURACY OF MOVING DIRECTION CALCULATION

TTL 2s 4s 8s 20s 40s 60s High-mobility (%) 99.39 98.95 98.62 98.62 98.62 98.62 Low-mobility (%) 99.05 99.05 99.05 99.05 99.05 99.05

It can be found that the accuracy of the moving direction calculation is above 98% in both high-mobility networks and low-mobility networks with TTL in the whole possible range. For low-mobility networks, the accuracy is higher because the change of the moving trajectory can be more easily tracked by the updating of point A.

As there are 2% inaccurate moving direction rate, we evaluate its impact on the channel scanning latency. Assume that channel scanning latency of a station is L when its moving direction is correctly calculated. The worst case of the channel scanning latency when the moving direction is incorrect is that the station needs to search all directions in order to find a new AP. Under the worst case, the maximum channel scanning latency of the station is � 360◦β �L. Therefore, the maximum additional channel scanning latency is

98%L + 2%�360 ◦

β �L − L = (0.98 + 0.02�360

◦

β � − 1)L,

where β is the beamwidth of the directional antenna for the station.

For example, if the the beamwidth of the directional antenna is 60◦, the maximum additional channel scanning latency is (0.98 + 0.02 · 6− 1)L = 10%L at the worst case. In practice, the actual additional latency percentage will be less than 10%.

C. Channel Scanning Latency We compare the channel scanning latency under different

busy rate of APs. Busy rate means the probability that an AP is busy at each time slot. The result is shown in Fig. 8. The full scan scheme means that a station scans all sectors. We also show the performance of the online mode mobisteer scheme proposed in [8].

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

AP busy rate

C ha

nn el

S ca

nn in

g L

at en

cy (

U ni

t: m

Full scan Mobisteer [8] Proposed

Fig. 8. Evaluation of channel scanning latency.

In Fig. 8, the full scan scheme shows a very high channel scanning latency of more than 450ms. The mobisteer scheme

has a lower handoff latency since the channel switching time is saved, but the latency is still above 220ms. When the network is less busy, the latency of the proposed scheme is only 30% of the mobisteer scheme. When the network is busy, the latency of the proposed scheme increases fast because mobile stations need to search more sectors to find available APs. It is easy to infer that the latency of the proposed scheme will eventually reach the same point as the full scan scheme when the AP busy rate approaches 1. At that time, the mobisteer scheme will outperform the proposed scheme. Note that the intersection is not always 0.8 in practical scenarios, because it is affected by many factors such as the density of APs, the transmission range and beamwidth of the antennas. Both the full scan scheme and the mobisteer scheme have a decreasing trend in the figure. This is because in busy networks, less APs are available in each channel. Thus, a station only needs to wait for MinChannelTime on one channel instead of MaxChannelTime.

D. Handoff Frequency

In this part, we evaluate the handoff frequency of the pro- posed scheme. We count the total number of handoffs triggered during the simulation time divided by the simulation time and the number of stations. Therefore, the handoff frequency evaluates the average number of handoffs triggered by one station per second. The handoff frequency is evaluated in both high-mobility mode and low-mobility mode. For high-mobility networks, the pause time of stations in the Random Waypoint model is randomly chosen from 20s to 30s. For low-mobility networks, the pause time is randomly selected from 200s to 300s. Since the total number of handoffs is dependent on the moving trajectories of stations, we use the same random seed to generate the moving trajectories of stations in the Random Waypoint model. The simulation result is shown in Fig. 9.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

AP busy rate

ha nd

of f

fr eq

ue nc

High mobility: full scan Low mobility: full scan High mobility: proposed Low mobility: proposed

low−mobility

high−mobility

Fig. 9. Handoff frequency of the proposed scheme.

As shown in Fig. 9, for both high-mobility mode and low- mobility mode, our proposed scheme can reduce the handoff frequency significantly when the network is less busy. This is because our scheme selects the new AP with a higher probability in the moving direction of a station, which can provide longer connectivity duration for the station than other APs. If the station selects its new AP purely based on RSS, it may choose a station in the opposite moving direction, and the station may move out of the coverage of the new AP soon and have to trigger another handoff. Therefore, the new AP

selected using our proposed scheme can serve the station for a longer time on average.

Note that when the busy probability of APs is low, the handoff frequency of the proposed scheme is much lower than that of the full scan scheme. This is because when APs are less busy, the station is more likely to find an idle AP in its moving direction. On the other hand, if APs are too busy, it is highly possible that the station cannot find any free AP in its moving direction though there are APs deployed in this direction. Thus, the station has to scan the remaining directions to find a new AP. In this case, the new AP does not have the advantage of providing a longer serving time for the station.

IV. CONCLUSION

In this paper, we address the long handoff latency prob- lem of directional antennas. First, we proposed an analytical method to calculate the moving direction of a station at the time when a handoff is triggered. Based on the moving direc- tion, we proposed a scheme to find a new AP in the moving direction of the station instead of all sectors. Simulation results showed that the accuracy of the calculated moving direction is above 98%. The proposed scheme can reduce the channel scanning latency significantly especially when the network is less busy. In addition, we demonstrated in the simulation results that the proposed scheme can reduce the handoff frequency of the stations in the long run, which is beneficial in saving network resources.

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