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Of the People

McGerr, Lewis, Oakes, Cullather, Summers, Townsend, Dunak

Volume II

Since 1865

Chapter 20 A Global Power 1914—1919

French Children in a Red Cross Hospital

Chapter 20 American Portrait: Walter Lippmann

Caught in Belgium at the outbreak of WWI

A progressive and journalist

New Republic

Inevitability of progress

Carnage of WWI

The Challenge of Revolution

Mexican Invasion Routes to Veracruz General John Pershing led 10,000 troops together with observation aircraft and a convoy of trucks 419 miles into Mexico on a fruitless hunt for Francisco Villa’s band. Federal forces loyal to Carranza confronted Pershing near Parral, bringing the US advance to a halt.

The Mexican Revolution

Francisco Madero’s revolt, 1911

Overthrew dictator Porfirio Diaz

Coup by General Victoriano Huerta began a civil war

Resistance led by Emiliano Zapata, Venustiano Carranza

Rebels supported by Wilson administration

Pancho Villa invaded the US

General Pershing invaded Mexico

Bringing Order to the Caribbean

Wilson opposed imperialism

Wanted to bring order to neighboring countries

Invaded more Latin American countries than any other president

Haiti, 1915; Dominican Republic, 1916

Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua, Cuba

A One-Sided Neutrality

Wilson declared strict neutrality

Worried that immigrant communities would take sides

Attempts to broker peace

US loaned money to the Allies, sold them goods

Cut off the Central powers

The Lusitania’s Last Voyage

Germany warned against ship travel in war zones

Submarine attacks

Lusitania sunk off the coast of Ireland, May 7, 1915

Nearly 1200 dead, 124 Americans

Wilson threatened Germany with war

The Drift to War

Hog Island Shipyard Building the massive shipyard at Hog Island was a major feat. The railroad network broke down under the strain, leading Wilson to nationalize the railroads.

The Election of 1916

Wilson: “He kept us out of war”

Republican Charles Evans Hughes attacked Wilson as weak

Suffragists campaigned against Wilson

Wilson narrowly won

The Last Attempts at Peace

“Peace without victory”

Self determination, international organization to enforce peace

Defeat of Russia left Germany unwilling to negotiate

Zimmermann Telegram

US declaration of war

War Aims

“a concert of free peoples” to make the world safe for democracy

Edward House, Inquiry

League of nations, freedom of the seas, open-door trade, ethnic self-determination

The Fight in Congress

Robert La Follette called for a referendum on war

Divisions over paying for war

The draft

Opposition voices were silenced, branded as traitors

Mobilizing the Nation and the Economy

Wake Up, America! After a prolonged effort at neutrality, the United States faced the challenge of preparedness upon entering World War I. Propaganda posters encouraged Americans to support the war effort.

Enforcing Patriotism

Suspicions of ethnic Germans, public skepticism

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

IWW leaders, Eugene Debs were imprisoned

Laws criminalizing unpatriotic activity

Committee on Public Information made propaganda

Struggles for Democracy

Eugene Debs Speaks Out Against the War

Socialist Party opposed the war, the draft

Debs critiqued the gov’t for limiting freedoms

Blamed power of the business elite, war profits

Charged with violating the Espionage Act

Fears of the Bolshevik Revolution

Regimenting the Economy

Total war

Hog Island shipyard led to nationalization of railroads

War Industries Board

Bernard Baruch, regulation by businessmen

Cost-plus contract ensured profits

Corporate consolidation plus federal regulation

The Great Migration

Factories began recruiting workers in the rural South

Primarily African American sharecroppers

Jobs at the bottom of the pay scale, limited housing, poor conditions

Few went back South

Neighborhood segregation in northern cities

Reforms Become “War Measures”

Attempts to outlaw lynching

Suffragists lobbied Congress for a constitutional amendment

Alice Paul, National Woman’s Party

Women entered the war workforce

National War Labor Board recognized unions

Temperance as a patriotic crusade

Ratification of 18th and 19th amendments

Army remained segregated

The Western Front

Citizens into Soldiers

Conscription

American Expeditionary Force led by John J. Pershing

Fall of Russia and Italy made American participation vital

The Fourteen Points

War aims developed by the Inquiry

National self-determination

Freedom of the seas

League of nations

Open diplomacy

Wilson’s hopes to end both empire and socialism

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Final Offensive

Launched in March 1918

German economy could not sustain another year of war

Pershing refused to unify American troops with British and French

Favored massive frontal assault

Battle of Belleau Wood, 4600 American casualties

Battle of Meuse-Argonne, 26,000 casualties

Armistice on November 11, 1918

Western Front

Western Front, 1918 On the western front, the opposing armies fought from trenches fortified with earthworks and barbed wire. The parallel trench lines stretched thousands of miles from the North Sea to Switzerland.

Revolutionary Anxieties

Wilson in Paris Woodrow Wilson received a hero’s welcome on the Rue Royale when he arrived in France to join the other Allied Powers in crafting the postwar world. His triumph was short-lived, however, as many of his Fourteen Points fell to the wayside during treaty talks at the Palace of Versailles.

Wilson in Paris

Wilson refused to include Republicans in delegation

Britain and France refused to accept limitations on their power

Carved up Germany’s colonies

War guilt clause, reparations

Wilson focused on League of nations

The Senate Rejects the League

Americans saw the compromises as betrayal

League of Nations seemed to guarantee US involvement in European wars

Republicans wanted to avoid alliances

Wilson refused to compromise

Nationwide tour in support of the treaty

Red Scare

Fears of Bolshevism were tied to fears of anarchists

Military forced used to break strikes

Palmer raids

Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti

America and the World

The Red Cross and Wartime Civilian Aid

Assistance to wartime nations

Immediate aid

Long term health and welfare programs

Education and preventative public health

Based on American middle class values

French Children in a Red Cross Hospital The ARC assisted civilian populations affected by the tumult of World War I.

Wall Street Bombing

Wall Street Bombing On September 16, 1920, Mario Buda detonated a horse-drawn wagon filled with dynamite and scrap metal in front of the J. P. Morgan offices on Wall Street. It was the first use of a new technology of terror, the car bomb. Sending shock waves through an America already anxious about revolutionaries, the blast intensified the hunt for radicals and “reds.”