Discussion Board

nidalba

McGerrChapter18.pptx

Home >History homework help >Discussion Board

Of the People

McGerr, Lewis, Oakes, Cullather, Summers, Townsend, Dunak

Volume II

Since 1865

Chapter 18 Industry and Empire 1890—1900

The Rough Riders

Chapter 18 American Portrait: J.P. Morgan

Panic of 1893

Runs on banks, strikes

Morgan was a leading financial manipulator

Personal loan to US Treasury calmed the markets

Businessmen grew more powerful as economy modernized

The Crisis of the 1890s

Homestead Strike When Carnegie Steel locked out all 3,800 employ- ees of the Homestead Steel Works, local citizens and police battled with Carnegie guards for control of the plant. They believed that as producers they had a right to work and profit from their labor. Carnegie believed that he had a right to hire and fire whom he pleased.

Hard Times and Demands for Help

World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893

Chicago had high unemployment, poor housing

Industrial armies

Jacob Coxey

The Overseas Frontier

Settlement of the Cherokee Strip

Frederick Jackson Turner

New frontiers lay overseas

Development of the navy

Harrison-McKinley Tariff, 1890

Bargaining tariff

World Manufacturing

Relative Shares of World Manufacturing The United States was a significant industrial power by 1880, and by the turn of the century it moved into a position of dominance

The Drive for Efficiency

Technology

Scientific management

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Taylorism

Federal power

Labor struggle

The Struggle Between Management and Labor

Private detective agencies, courts, federal troops

Homestead strike

Henry Clay Frick, American Federation of Labor

Pullman strike

American Railway Union, Eugene V. Debs

Corporate Consolidation

Mergers consolidated industries under control of a few men

J.P. Morgan

Bankers should own industry

US Steel

A Modern Economy

The Election of 1896 William McKinley’s “front-porch campaign” carried the northern industrial states, along with the key farm states of Iowa and Minnesota, securing a narrow victory over Bryan.

Currency: Gold Versus Silver

Dollar based on golf was stable

Helped sell American goods in Europe

Increased money supply would reduce interest rates, make credit more available

Print greenbacks or coin silver

The Cross of Gold

William Jennings Bryan

‘Cross of gold’ speech

Nominated by Democrats, Populists

McKinley, Republicans were pro-gold

The Battle of the Standards

Gold vs. silver

McKinley campaigned from home

Marcus Hanna used PR techniques

Bryan traveled, giving speeches in favor of silver

Abandoned Jacksonian commitment to minimal government

The Retreat from Politics

Lynchings Were Public Spectacles When 17-year-old Jesse Washington was killed in Waco, Texas, in 1916, a crowd of several thousand, including the mayor, police chief, and students from Waco High, attended the event on the lawn of city hall. Afterward, the murderers posed for a photograph and sold their victim’s teeth for $5 apiece.

The Lure of the Cities

Southerners moved to cities

Crop lien

Jobs, education available for white and black

Segregation

American Landscape

Galveston, Texas, 1900

Galveston was a boomtown port city

Wealthy elite dominated the city

Confident that technology would protect it

City was destroyed by a hurricane, thousands killed

Brought in experts to help the city recover

Data collection

Inventing Jim Crow

Plessy v. Ferguson

Separate but equal

Codification of segregation into law

Competition for jobs, migration to cities, scientific racism

Threat of lynching

Ida Wells-Barnett, antilynching campaign

The Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington

Founder of the Tuskegee Institute

Racial accommodation

Progress was a struggle

African Americans should fight for economic success rather than social equality

Disfranchisement and the Decline of Popular Politics

Southern states disfranchised African Americans, poor whites

Segregation was modern race relations

Participation fell in the North and West

Decline of political pageantry, partisanship

Emphasis on advertising, education, fund raising

Struggles for Democracy

The Wilmington Race Riot

Fusion ticket

Focused on class rather than racial solidarity

Rebecca Felton, vigilante justice to protect white women

Red Shirts

Wilmington White citizens stand before the destroyed Daily Record office, 1898.

Organized Labor Retreats from Politics

Organized labor redefined their goals in economic terms

Samuel Gompers , American Federation of Labor

Trade/craft unions had shared values, excluded unskilled workers

Industrial unions

Eugene V. Debs, ARU;United Mine Workers

American Diplomacy Enters the Modern World

Pears’ Soap Advertisements emphasized the celebrated civilizing capacities of imperialism, as shown in this advertisement for Pears’ Soap, 1899.

Sea Power and the Imperial Urge

Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History

Naval expansion and empire would solve overproduction

Colonies provided markets for goods, opportunities to project power

Brooks Adams, The Law of Civilization and Decay

Need for a new frontier

The World’s Navies

Warship Tonnage of the World’s Navies Naval strength was the primary index of power before World War I. The United States held onto third place in the naval arms race, while Germany and Japan made significant gains.

Source: Paul Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), p. 203.

The Scramble for Empire

China was the prize for merchants and missionaries

Western powers seized pieces of Chinese territory

War with Spain

Cuban nationalism

William Randolph Hearst

USS Maine

Dewey, the Philippines

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt

Annexation of Hawaii

The Rough Riders Theodore Roosevelt’s regiment, with its blend of educated men from the east and rough-and-tumble western frontiersmen, represented his idealized blend of American military manhood

Spanish American War

Spanish-American War, Caribbean/Spanish-American War, Pacific

The Anti-Imperialists

Opposed annexation of new colonies, war with the Philippines

Would take tax dollars away from domestic problems

Impossible to defend

Betrayed America’s fundamental principles

The Philippine-American War

Filipinos had a long history of civilization, resistance to colonialism

Emilio Aguinaldo

Guerrilla strategy

Reports of torture, massacres fueled opposition to the war

Concentration camps

Cost of occupation exceeded profits in trade

The Open Door

Unrest in China resulted from European concessions

Empress Cixi

McKinley wanted to maintain open markets in China

Boxer rebellion

Imperial powers agreed to maintain status quo

American policy of free trade, open markets

The Imperial World

The Imperial World Modern imperialism reached its apex between 1880 and 1945. Most of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, a third of the world’s population, was absorbed into global empires linked by telegraph and steamship to centers of government and commerce in London, Paris, Tokyo, and Washington, DC.

The Imperial World