Admin leadership discussion 2
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► Psychologist Abraham Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1 943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and his subsequent book, Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to f u lfi 11 basic needs before moving on to other needs.
Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, published in 1954 introduced the Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow extended his ideas in a later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, a significant and relevant commentary, which has been revised in recent times by Richard Lowry, who is in his own right a leading academic in the field of motivational psychology.
According to Maslow's model, human needs
are critical to understanding motivation.
Maslow's Needs Hierarchy is the most widely
used model for explaining, in general,
human's motivation. Maslow first published
h is th e o ry in 1 9 4 3 . Th o u g h criticized at
times, this model has prevailed as the most
influential work on motivation. Th i s model
of human motivation has motivated others
to theorize about human motivation.
Maslow' Five General Categorie
Maslow grouped many potential human needs into five general categories starting with the most essential to survival and calling them the physiological or basic needs:
Sel f-actua lizatio n
Esteem
Love/ belonging
Safety
morality, creativity,
spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice.
acceptance of facts
self -esteem . confidence, achievement. respect of others,
respect by others
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
security of: bod}', employment , resources, mora Uty, the family. health. property
Ma low' Fiv General Cat gorie
l. Physiological- These relate to physical well-being and include such needs as hunger,
thirst, breathing, exercise, rest, and sex.
2. Safety- These involve physical safety such as being free from temperature extremes,
assault, tyranny, fire and other destructive
forces. Maslow also implied that this
category involved psychological factors, such
as, the desire for an orderly, predicatble
environment and being protected from threat
and injustice
Maslow' Five General Categorie 3. Social (Love-Belonging) - These are
psychological needs and involve love,
belonging, a feeling of acceptance and a
desire for group involvement. The human
being is a social animal and gregarious in
nature.
4. Esteem or ego - People have a need for
status both in terms of self-respect and the
esteem of others. Accordingly they seek
feelings or achievent and competency. Men
and women are striving animals who, as they
psychologically mature, attempt to attain
~~~er levels of status and accomplishment.
Ma low' Five eneral Categorie
5. Self-Actualization - People have a restlessness for self-fulfillment. This involves a striving to realize the potential of self, or as Maslow notes, "to become everything that one is capable of becoming." It is this basic internal drive, largely unfilled, that characterizes us a wanting animal.
ignificance and ource of the Need
► Which of the needs are most important and critical?
► Are the needs inherent or learned? ► Is behavior a conscious, rational
response to needs? ► Is behavior part of the subconscious?
Maslow's response to these questions made his most important contributions:
Maslow stated that a satisfied need is not a
motivator. For example,
► Hunger is a motivating force when someone
is hungry, but if an individual has this need
satisfied, hunger is not a motivator.
► When someone is safe and free from threat,
the safety needs are not motivators.
The potency of need is a function of its
current level of fulfillment.
Ma low' View
As per Maslow, the intensity of specific
needs is related to the hierarchy he
established:
► The physiological needs will dominate the
behavior of an individual until the needs are
fulfilled, at least, at a minimal level
necessary for existence. Then, the next-
higher level, safety needs, will become
dominant.
Ma low' · View , continued: ► After safety needs are met at an acceptable
level, then the next step, social needs,
dominate. Thus the steps of the hierarchy
continue.
► This impacts the role that the psychological
needs play (social, esteem, and self-
actualization). These are also called
sec o n d a ry n e e d s .
That said, they are not necessarily secondary
since m o st of the m aj or a cc om p Ii sh m en ts of
persons have been impacted by the need for
achievement and self-realization.
Questions. Are needs learned or unlearned?
► Physiological needs are innate and unlearned.
They are primarily an inherent part of people
and part of their awareness when engaging in
satisfy in g the need , s u ch a eating .
► Physiological needs or at least the means of
satisfying them, are primarily learned and
unconc101us.
Considering human response to needs is the the most crucial lesson to be learned by the leader to be successful in approaches to motivating. Behavior is motivated by needs, thus the leader needs to focus on the impact of their actions in meeting the needs satisfaction of others.