Abstract
The field of criminology in the modern community has become directly linked with public policy. The relationship between criminology and public policy has not fully been realized and this is impacting the different fields of criminology in the community. There have been different readings in the field of social policy and in relation to how policing can be an integral aspect in reduction of crime activities in the community. Although this is the case, governmental organizations have failed in the integration of effective policing to address emerging issues in the criminal community. The research will focus on the literature review of published and secondary data in addressing the importance of public policy participation in the criminology. The secondary data is also an essential affiliation based on the role played by crime related policies in the community. The review of the secondary data and its publications will offer the necessary foundations for accessing and discussing on the importance of public policy participation in criminology. In conclusion, the world of criminology is changing and this is influencing the participation of public policy in criminal justice.
Research problem
The aim of the literature review is to offer an extensive classification on the importance of public policy participation in criminal justice and especially in the field of criminology. In relation to the changing circumstance as exhibited by the drastic policing in the community and its society in areas related with criminal justice. Is the ever changing public policy and its influence in the social sciences in the 21st century a solution in curbing different challenges influencing and affecting criminology strategies in the community? The aim of the public policing is influencing how the community integrates with different aspects such as social issues influencing the community from leadership to peaceful integration with law enforcement.
Justification of the Topic
There is a clear distinction in the field of criminology especially in the reduction of drug related activities in the contemporary community. There are also a number of different criminal based activities which have influenced the criminal and law enforcements to develop strategies to curb the spread of crime. Although this has become an effective methodology in curbing and reducing crime, it has not always offered an ultimate solution. For instance, American community is recognized as the highest nation with a highest mass incarceration in the community. The use of laws has only increased the mass incarceration in population, hence, it has not helped in the reduction of crime. Due to the lack of effective reformation of the public policing, the criminal related activities are on the rise. There is the need for curbing these changes with an effective integration of policing in the contemporary community.
Literature Themes
a) Policing and Evaluation of Crime
According to studies and statistics provided by Langton, Planty, & Lynch (2017), there is the need for understanding the aim of policing in the crime based areas and how to use the necessary polices such as public support to enforce the changes. There is also a focus on participation and enhancing the general observations such as processing and encouraging the process of crime evaluation. Based on the reports of Langton, Planty, & Lynch (2017), there is the need of developing new methods to help in the structural foundations for understanding the process of crime and how it relates to policing in the contemporary community. It aims to drive and promote the operational effectiveness of police and law enforcement. Policing offers a different perspective to view the importance and nature to support operational effectiveness in criminal based justice.
b) Crime and Data collection
According to Strom & Smith (2017), the importance of data collection on crime from the community helps in focusing on the different trends on crime in the society. Understanding the different trends will help in focusing on research and improving on how law enforcement view and classify the resources of policing. The application of such data collection on crime is only possible through the participation of public policy in criminology and criminal justice in the community. Based on Goodison, & Thomson (2017), the collective understanding of crime is only possible through an in-depth-analysis of its constraints in the contemporary community. To effectively achieve and increase operational effectiveness it is possible to influence and help in the admonition of labor and supporting to increase and reduce performance. Therefore, using data collection in crime related activities in the society helps to improve and increase different chances and possibilities in curbing criminology.
c) Crime reporting
Based on the reports and studies conducted by Sandler, Letourneau, Vandiver, Shields, & Chaffin (2017), crime related reports have become the source for understanding the different changes in the contemporary community. It is important to use reporting as a way for concluding on the necessity of keeping taps in crime related patterns in the community. The police and law enforcements in the community should adopt a scheme of using public policing as a potential source for collections of data trends and occurrence of crime mapping. Through the policing the community is able to offer a platform to engage the law enforcement to organize and check the different issues impacting social sciences. According to Clear, &Frost (2007), informative public policing will focus on the challenges affecting law enforcement for effective integration of social issues influencing criminology in the contemporary community.
d) Understanding Crime
According to Lauritsen, & Cork (2017), the National Academies’ Committee on National Statistics’ Panel offers a clear indication on the widening of criminal systems to help in the adoption of new statistics in the field of criminology in the contemporary community. Widening the approaches for controlling crime and understanding the foundation of crime helps to determine the logical solutions and ways for overcoming the changes in crime related activities in the community. The formal focus of Lauritsen, & Cork (2017) is controlling and readily possessing the necessary information which can help in understanding crime in the community. Its main focus should be on delivering and possessing the necessary theories to effectively promote and increase operational surveys. Through an integrative and participation approach in the community it is important to use, develop and improve operational effectiveness to improve the understanding of crime and ultimately developing resources to help curb its effects and impacts.
e) Reduction of mass Incarceration and Reforms
American society is the highest rated nation in mass incarceration globally. This has been associated with the natural balance and effects of law enforcements aggressively using the law enforcement and the judicial services system for incarceration. According to De Blasio, H. B., & Hall, C. (2015), there is the need for focusing on the role of policing to an effective allocation of resources to curb expectations and overall expectations of the society. The aim of the resources to reduce and increase and effective allocation, planning and resources introduction of new methods to reduce mass incarceration in the community. As a result, there is value generated through the effective implementation of policies in reducing prison populations. These policies in conjunction with social science will help in the reduction of crime rates in the contemporary community.
Opposing Views
There are different views from the educational perspective and all these views considers the field of criminology not ever changing. This affects the ability to effectively integrate policies which are ever changing in the field of law enforcement. There is the need for developing different resources such as reducing and contemplating on the importance and affiliations considered as a way for developing social foundations. For instance, based on Currie, E. (2007), the foundations of criminology are inherently political and this will affect the understanding of social science to influence policies for criminology and to effectively perform the intended solutions.
Findings and Implications
According to the literature review and the necessary proceedings from the social science and crime related studies, it is possible for public policy to participate in criminology and influence the effects of crime related justice in the community. It will help in focusing on the growth of policing as an effective way for understanding changes in the community and using the necessary changes to influence policies and operational effectiveness. It is also a way of considering the effects and changes in the social stand view of the society and crime related justice.
References
Clear, T. R., & Frost, N. A. (2007). Informing public policy. Criminology & Public Policy, 6, 633–640.
Clear, T. R., & Frost, N. A. (2008). Rules of engagement: Criminology and public policy. Criminal Justice Matters, 72, 37–38.
Currie, E. (2007). Against marginality: Arguments for a public criminology. Theoretical Criminology, 11, 175–190.
De Blasio, H. B., & Hall, C. (2015). Re: Mass Incarceration: Seizing the Moment for Reform.
Goodison, S. E., & Thomson, J. S. (2017). There and Back Again. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(4), 1099-1105.
Langton, L., Planty, M., & Lynch, J. P. (2017). Second major redesign of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Criminology & Public Policy, 16(4), 1049-1074.
Lauritsen, J. L., & Cork, D. L. (2017). Expanding Our Understanding of Crime. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(4), 1075-1098.
Sandler, J. C., Letourneau, E. J., Vandiver, D. M., Shields, R. T., & Chaffin, M. (2017). Juvenile sexual crime reporting rates are not influenced by juvenile sex offender registration policies. Psychology, public policy, and law, 23(2), 131.
Strom, K. J., & Smith, E. L. (2017). The Future of Crime Data. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(4), 1027-1048.
Wellford, C. F. (2017). Improving Our Conceptualization and Measurement of Crime. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(4), 1021-1026.