Module 4 drop box -

External Environments of Schools

External Influences and Constituencies for

School Districts

Colleges and

Universities

Educational

Association

Accrediting

Agencies

Legislatures

Regulatory

Agencies

Unions

Taxpayers

Parents

School

District

Five Problematic Situations that might arise for

Administrators

Preferences

Regarding

Possible

Outcomes

Alternative

Courses of

Action and

their

Outcomes

Strategies

and Tactics

Potential

Outcomes

Lack of

Knowledge

Internal Coping Strategies

Internal

Coping

Strategies

Buffering Planning and

Forecasting

Boundary

Spanning

Influence Tactics of Interest Groups

Engaging the

Mass Media

Protesting

And

Demonstrating

Litigating Generating

Constituent

Influence

Contacting

legislators and

other officials

directly

Testifying at

legislative

hearings

Forming

Coalitions

Influence

Tactics of

Interest

Groups

Conformity and Institutional Environments

(Three Mechanisms that promote conformity)

Conformity and

Institutional

Environments

Coercive

Conformity

Imitative

Conformity

Normative

Conformity

Challenging Administrative Practices

Multiple

stakeholders

prefer different

effectiveness

criteria

Definitions of

what constitutes

organizational

effectiveness do

not remain

constant

Issues of

school

effectiveness

Challenging

Administrative

Practices

National Education Goals

Adult Literacy

and Lifelong

Learning

Parental

Participation

Teacher

Education and

Professional

Development

Student

Achievement

and

Citizenship

School

Completion

Ready to

Learn

Safe,

Disciplined,

and Alcohol

and Drug-Free

Schools

National

Education

Goals

Social Systems and School Effectiveness

Transformation

Processes

Academic

Achievement

Job

Satisfaction

Input-Output

Research

Performance

outcomes

Input

Criteria

School

Effectiveness

Orderly

Climate

Sense of

Community

Parental Support

and Environment

Staff Development

Time

On

Task

Planned and

Purposeful

Curriculum

Staff

Stability

Clear Goals and

High Expectation

Instructional

Leadership

Effective

Schools

Smith and Purkey

The Drive for Accountability

Three underlying Principles

Schools

Schools Schools

Higher

Standards

Of

Performance

Assistance to

build

capacities for

improved

Education

Increased

Quality of

Performance

Outcomes

Accountability

Plans

Generally

Include:

Standards to

identify the

subject matter

knowledge and

skills to be

learned

Tests aligned with

the standards

Consequences to

recognize goal

attainment

Systematic

Comprehensive

School Reform

Promotes

Coherence

Reduces

Fragmentation

Aligns the state

accountability

system