Assignment 1 & 2

mepalacios3

Lecture3_.pdf

Home >Business & Finance homework help >Assignment 1 & 2

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

INST560, Internet of Things (IoT) UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA

Lecture 3: Winter 2023

Professor Aliakbar Jalali

aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Overview • Introduction

• Evolution of the Technology

• What are IoT Enabling Technologies?

• Benefits of the IoT Technology

• Risks of IoT Technologies

• Use Cases of IoT Technology!

• Future of Enabling IoT Technologies

• What is Virtual Age?

• Relation between Metaverse and IoT

• Conclusion

• References

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction • The emerging idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly

finding its path throughout our modern life, aiming to improve

the quality of life by connecting many smart devices,

technologies, and applications.

• This lecture provides an overview of the Internet of Things

(IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies.

• The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart

sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols.

• The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate

directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of

applications.

• The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-

machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of

the IoT.

3 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction • In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new

applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision

making.

• This lecture give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling

technologies to enable students to get up to speed quickly on how the different

technologies fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go

through the standards specifications.

• Lecture explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies

including big data analytics and cloud.

• Finally, lecture present some important challenges and benefits of the emerging

technologies like Metaverse, Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence etc..

4 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction • The overall picture of IoT emphasizing

the vertical markets and the horizontal

integration between them.

• Smart objects along with their

supposed tasks constitute domain

specific applications (vertical

markets) while ubiquitous computing

and analytical services form

application domain independent

services (horizontal markets)

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction • Architecture standardization can be seen as a backbone for the IoT to create a

competitive environment for companies to deliver quality products.

• In addition, the traditional Internet architecture needs to be revised to match the IoT

challenges. For example, the tremendous number, more than 50 billion of objects

willing to connect to the Internet.

• Therefore, utilizing a large addressing space (e.g., IPv6) becomes necessary to meet

customer demands for smart objects.

• Security and privacy are other important requirements for the IoT due to the inherent

heterogeneity of the Internet connected objects and the ability to monitor and control

physical objects.

• Furthermore, management and monitoring of the IoT should take place to ensure the

delivery of high-quality services to customers at an efficient cost.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Evolution of the Technology

From 1900

From 1960

FROM VACUUM

TUBE

TO TRANSISTORS

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Evolution of the Technology

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Evolution of the Technology

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Evolution of the Technology

FROM MAINFRAME TO HYBRID CLOUD

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTERACTION

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Next Generation of the

Technology

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Evaluation of Technology: Change in Human Way of Life

Evolution of Technology: where we are? 13

Fire Age Agri Age Industry Age Information

Age Virtual

Age

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Are Technologies Changing the World? • Because of technological changes taking place in the world, IoT is

gradually taking over all the fields, and the future of the IoT applications

are increasing day by day.

• Technological advances are fueling the growth of IoT.

• Technology improved communications and network, new sensors of

various kinds; cheaper, denser, more reliable, and power efficient

storage both in the cloud and locally are converging to enable new

types of IoT based products that were not possible a few years ago.

• IoT technology will further develop to make our day-to-day operations

much easier and more remotely controlled in the days to come. 14

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Are Technologies Changing the World? • Businesses need to constantly explore IoT

applications within their domain to stay ahead in

competitiveness and implementation.

• The competition will primarily define in the

coming decade as how companies take

advantage of innovative technology.

• However, it is the dominant technology that

determines the future of many businesses

attached to the future of the internet of things

(IoT).

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Are Technologies Changing the World?

• The emerging trends in IoT are majorly driven by technologies like

artificial intelligence, blockchain, 5G and edge computing.

• We need to know more in detail about the elements that make up

broad spectrum of technologies, we know as the Internet of

Things.

• Technological advances lies in the business value of IoT

applications like smart wearables, smart homes and buildings,

smart cities, autonomous cars, smart factories, location trackers,

wireless sensors and much more.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Technology is changing the world!

• Technology is

changing the

world.

• It is changing

the way we

communicate,

shop, learn,

travel, play and

of course the

way we work.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/06/internet-things-could-really-change-way-live/ 17

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Technology is changing the world!

Global gigabit

subscriptions are

expected to jump to 50

million in 2022, more than

doubling from 24 million at

the end of 2020, according

to a new report from

analyst firm Omdia.

High Speed Internet!

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Social Media is Changing societies!

• Are you on social media a lot? When is the last

time you checked Twitter, Facebook, or

Instagram? Last night? Before breakfast? Five

minutes ago?

• The Impact of Social Media on Politics

• The Impact of Social Media on Society

• The Impact of Social Media on Commerce

• The Impact of Social Media on the World of Work

• The Impact of Social Media on Training and

Development

• The Challenges of Social Media: Cyberbullying,

Lack of Privacy

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Introduction: Can Technology Save the World?

• Yes! Technology can save the world I think that because

the tech can help us with different advance that we have,

For example: in the medicine it can prevent disease and

many people can alive but at the same time it is killing the

people using chemicals in the food, but we can use less.

• No! Technology alone cannot save the world. It needs to

be accompanied by conscious decisions by humans.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are IoT Enabling Technologies? • IoT enabling technologies refer to the various technologies and tools that are used to create and

support IoT systems and devices. Some examples include:

• Wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, which allow IoT devices to connect to the internet and communicate with one another.

• Sensors and actuators, which are used to gather data from the physical world and take actions based on that data.

• Cloud computing and data storage technologies, which are used to store, process, and analyze the data generated by IoT devices.

• Programming languages and frameworks, such as Python and Node-RED, which are used to develop the software that runs on IoT devices and in the cloud.

• Security technologies such as encryption, authentication, and firewalls, which are used to protect IoT systems and devices from unauthorized access and attacks.

• All these technologies work together to make it possible to create IoT systems that can collect, transmit, and act on data from a wide range of devices and sensors.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are the benefits of IoT enabling technologies?

• Increased efficiency: IoT systems can automate tasks and processes, reducing the need for

human intervention and increasing efficiency. For example, IoT-enabled devices in a factory can

automatically adjust production processes based on real-time data from sensors.

• Improved accuracy: IoT devices can gather large amounts of data from a variety of sources and

use that data to make more accurate predictions and decisions. For example, IoT-enabled

weather monitoring can provide more accurate predictions of weather patterns.

• Better decision-making: IoT systems can provide real-time data, which can be used to make

more informed decisions. For example, data from IoT-enabled sensors in a retail store can be

used to optimize stock levels and improve customer service.

• Increased productivity: IoT systems can provide businesses with new insights and ways to

optimize operations, increase productivity, and reduce costs. For example, IoT-enabled

machines can self-diagnose problems and order replacement parts automatically.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are the benefits of IoT enabling technologies?

• Improved safety: IoT systems can help to keep people safe by providing real-

time information, alerts and alarms, and taking automated actions. For

example, IoT-enabled sensors can be used to detect and respond to potential

fire hazards in a building.

• Remote monitoring and control: IoT systems can give users the ability to

monitor and control devices remotely.

• Cost savings: IoT can help companies save money by streamlining operations,

reducing downtime, and automating processes.

• Improving Quality of life: IoT systems can help people live more convenient

and comfortable lives by, for example, automating home systems such as

lighting, heating, and security.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What is IoT Technology? • IoT technology includes all the enabling hardware IP, tools,

systems, sensors, and software that support IoT device and

application development.

• With IoT technology, everyday objects can be made smart—from

medical devices to smartphones, watches to security cameras,

and cars to factory production lines.

• IoT technologies also include security tools to prevent internet-

based attacks on networked devices and their applications.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies • The goals of most IoT technologies are to collect, process, analyze, react to, and communicate data. Any

technology that does one or more of those tasks is a candidate for use in IoT application.

• IoT devices usually collect data from the environment around the device using the following sensors:

a. Audio sensors

b. Proximity sensors

c. Light sensors

d. Accelerometers and gyroscopes

e. Temperature and humidity sensors

f. Motion and occupancy sensors

g. Biometric sensors

• Two places that IoT data processing occurs in:

a. The front end, where the sensors that collect the data are located; often referred to as edge

processing or edge computing

b. The back end, a central location where data is usually sent via a network connection

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies • Edge processing is done by a microprocessor or microcontroller.

• Further microprocessors used in IoT are usually reserved for

computing-intensive applications.

• Microcontrollers are specifically designed to work with sensors

and I/O devices and are the processing device of choice for edge

computing in IoT applications.

• An embedded system as a computing system designed to

perform a specific function.

• A microcontroller is usually at the heart of an embedded system.

• Data processing in most IoT applications consists mainly of

reading data from sensors and other input devices, running an

algorithm to determine how to react to the data, and outputting

data.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies: IoT connected devices worldwide up to 2025

75 + Billion IoT devices are expected to be in use by 2025.

IoT Infrastructure Devices & Facilities

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies: IoT Software

• IoT Software is essential for

tracking and managing devices

• The leading dashboard for IoT

• See your device performance,

manage spend, and equip your

operations for the future — all in

one place.

IoT Infrastructure: IoT Software

https://www.hologram.io/products/dashboard/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies: IoT Labor (Skill)

• Investing in upskilling employees can help close IoT skill gaps.

• 7 challenges in IoT and how to overcome them by skilled

labor.

1. IoT security

2. Lack of effective and informed government regulations

3. Device compatibility

4. Bandwidth strain

5. End user challenges

6. IoT device management

7. IoT professional skills gap

IoT Infrastructure: Labor (Upskilling employees)

hthttps://www.hologram.io/blog/challenges-in-iot/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies: QA & Testing

• IoT testing is the practice of performing a series of tests to

validate performance in the IoT process. Find out more here.

• There are 5 types of IoT testing: usability, compatibility, security, performance, and compliance.

• Table of Contents

• What is IoT testing, and why it’s important

• The 5 different types of IoT testing

• Possible challenges of IoT testing

• Tips for efficient IoT testing

• Optimizing your IoT testing: a few tools to consider

IoT Infrastructure: QA & Testing

https://www.hologram.io/blog/iot-testing/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies: Opportunity Cost & Time-to-Market

• IoT deployments were ranked a top 3

investment priority in 2022.

• A new global survey by Analysys Mason and

sponsored by Sierra Wireless (NASDAQ: SWIR)

(TSX: SW) a world leading IoT solutions provider,

found that 72% of enterprises surveyed

deployed IoT to automate their processes and

reduce costs while 55% stated creating new

revenue streams was a main reason for IoT

adoption.

IoT Infrastructure: Opportunity Cost & Time-to-Market

https://www.yahoo.com/now/global-survey-analysys-mason-reveals-130000897.html

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

IoT Technologies (1 of 5)

• The goals of most IoT

technologies are to collect,

process, analyze, react to,

and communicate data

• Any technology that

does one or more of

those tasks is a

candidate for use in IoT

applications

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies (2 of 5) • IoT Data Collection

• IoT devices usually collect data from the

environment around the device using sensors

• Common types of sensors used in IoT include:

• Audio sensors

• Proximity sensors

• Light sensors

• Accelerometers and gyroscopes

• Temperature and humidity sensors

• Motion and occupancy sensors

• Biometric sensors

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies (3 of 5) • IoT Data Processing

• IoT data processing occurs in two places:

• The front end, where the sensors collect the data are located; this is often referred to as

edge processing or edge computing

• The back end, a central location where data is usually sent via a network connection

• Edge processing is done by a microprocessor or microcontroller

• A microcontroller is a small, low-power processor with built-in analog and digital I/O lines and

memory that usually runs at speeds measured in the tens of Megahertz

• They are specifically designed to work with sensors and I/O devices and are the

processing device of choice for edge computing in IoT applications

• A microcontroller is usually at the heart of an embedded system, a computing system

designed to perform a specific function

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies (4 of 5) • IoT Data Processing (continued)

• Microprocessors usually have an advanced, multithreaded OS

• Microcontrollers typically have a very simple OS designed to run a single

application with a dedicated function

• A microcontroller may not have an OS at all; it might run only some

bootstrap code that downloads an application to the microcontroller’s

memory

• Whether a device uses a microprocessor or microcontroller, the data

processing in most IoT applications consists mainly of reading data from

sensors and other input devices, running an algorithm to determine how to

react to the data, and outputting data

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Technologies (5 of 5) • IoT Data Communication

• Various consortiums are in the

process of developing standards

for IoT communications

• The communication aspect of IoT

is complex because of so many of

the “things” that generate data are

incompatible with one another or

lack modern communication

technologies and protocols

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Number of IoT connected devices worldwide from 2019 to 2030, by Communications Technology

37 https://www.statista.com/statistics/1194688/iot-connected-devices-communications-technology/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Risks of IoT Technologies • Security and privacy issues, cybercrime, surveillance at work, home or

in public spaces and control of mobility and expression.

• There is governance gap’ that needs to be closed between the potential

risks and society’s efforts to safeguard against them through laws,

industry standards and self-governance approaches.

• Effective technology governance mitigates risks and reduces the

potential harms to society while also helping to maximize the

technology’s positive impacts.

• The generation gap seen in current IoT utilization is surprising.

38 https://www.visionofhumanity.org/what-is-the-internet-of-things/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Technology Focus on IoT • Advanced Technologies like IoT lie at the very heart of modern industry’s

ongoing process of digital transformation.

• Indeed, these technologies enable process, product and service innovation

throughout the economy, thus fostering and supporting industrial

modernization across a wide range of organizations and industry sectors.

• Taking the Internet of Things as one the backbones of digital transformation

and industrial modernization, we observed that the current availability of huge

datasets, coupled with recent technology advances in Big Data, Artificial

Intelligence and fast connectivity capabilities, are all paving the way to new

and more disruptive applications of IoT systems and services.

39 https://ati.ec.europa.eu/reports/technology-watch/technology-focus-iot

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Technology Focus on IoT • There is now widespread recognition among

consumers and organizations that IoT can

help them to operate more efficiently, improve

quality of service and customer experience,

introduce new services and improve many

other aspects of their businesses.

• Likewise, governmental and international

bodies have thrown their weight into

supporting and stimulating IoT development

as a key economic opportunity and driver of

future innovation.

40 https://ati.ec.europa.eu/reports/technology-watch/technology-focus-iot

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

10 IoT Technology Trends to watch in 2022

41https://iot-analytics.com/iot-technology-trends/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are the components of IoT Technologies

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Use Cases of IoT Technology!

Cars are more and more intelligent devices 43

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Use Cases of IoT Technology!

44https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/15625-Connected-Living-Report.pdf

Device

Ownership

of a Typical

Family of

Four, 2012,

2017, 2022

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Use Cases of IoT Technology! • Smart home: automation of home appliances which can sense human presence and control

light, temperature and ambience etc.

• Smart wearables: there are millions of smart gadgets already available on the market but still

this is big area for future growth.

• Smart Cities: our future security and monitoring will be using IoT. Congestion management,

traffic control etc.

• Smart healthcare: in future, medical practitioners will be able to assess patients' conditions

remotely and advice for further procedures.

• Smart energy management: smart lighting control, smart power grid and industrial applications

• Smart farming: farming and agriculture could use IoT for management of irrigation and control.

• Smart ticketing: in future, airports and sport venues will be using smart ticket systems.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Latest Technology used in IoT

• Artificial Intelligence

• Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality

• Internet of Things

• 3D Printers!

• Intelligent Apps (I – Apps)

• Blockchain

• Machin Learning

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Advanced Technologies Uptake by European Industries, 2020

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Enabling Technology • IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking

technologies.

• IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor

networks, cloud computing, Big data analytics, Embedded

Systems, Security Protocols and architectures, communication

protocols, web services, Mobile Internet, and Semantic Search

engines.

• The major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID,

NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio

protocols, LTE-A,5G and WiFi-Direct.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are IoT Enabling Technology

1.Wireless Sensor Network

2.Cloud Computing

3.Big Data Analytics

4.Communications Protocols

5.Embedded System

51 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are IoT Enabling Technology • 1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN):

A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the

environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end

nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors attached to them

where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator

also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the internet.

Example:

• Weather monitoring system

• Indoor air quality monitoring system

• Soil moisture monitoring system

• Surveillance system

• Health monitoring system

52 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are IoT Enabling Technology • 2. Cloud Computing:

It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet. Cloud means something which

is present in remote locations. With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases,

webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet. Characteristics: 1. Broad network access 2. On demand self-services 3. Rapid scalability 4. Measured service 5. Pay-per-use

• Provides different services, such as:

• IaaS (Infrastructure as a service) - Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical machines, virtual machines, servers,

networking, storage and data center space on a pay per use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services

and Microsoft Azure etc. Ex: Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.

• PaaS (Platform as a service): Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to support the complete life cycle of building and

delivering West web based (cloud) applications – without the cost and complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware, software

provisioning and hosting. Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems and libraries etc. Basically, it provides a platform to

develop applications. Ex: App Cloud, Google app engine

• SaaS (Software as a service): It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service. Instead of installing and maintaining software,

you simply access it via the internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware management. Ex: Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.

53 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are IoT Enabling Technology • 3. Big Data Analytics:

It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data whose volume,

velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using

traditional databases. Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos, digital

images, sensors and sales transaction records. Several steps involved in analyzing big data:

1. Data cleaning

2. Munging

3. Processing

4. Visualization

• Examples:

• Bank transactions

• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles

• E-commerce and in Big-Basket

• Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands

54 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are IoT Enabling Technology • 4. Communications Protocols:

They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity

and linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to

exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe

different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols

designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when

implemented in software they are a protocol stack.

They are used in: 1.Data encoding 2.Addressing schemes

55 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are IoT Enabling Technology • 5. Embedded Systems:

It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.

It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units

(Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and

storage devices (flash memory).

It collects the data and sends it to the internet. Embedded systems used in

• Examples:

1.Digital camera

2.DVD player, music player

3.Industrial robots

4.Wireless Routers etc.

56 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Why IoT Enabling Technology?

• It brings together

most of the latest

technologies.

• Converged, these

technologies will

have a major

impact.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Key Technologies enables IoT Solution

Key Technologies

enables IoT

solutions to be

deployed more

rapidly, cost-

effectively and

at lower risk.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Industrial IoT Devices (1 of 3) • The use of IoT technologies in industry has been

dubbed Industry 4.0

• Industry 4.0 makes use of virtualization, cloud

computing, and artificial intelligence to create

what is called a cyber-physical system (CPS)

• Some of the same IoT technologies are used in

both home automation and industry

• Industrial usage often requires industrial version

of sensors because they must hold up under

harsh environments, high vibrations, and

possibly extreme temperatures

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Industrial IoT Devices (2 of 3) • Types of devices you might find in industrial

applications include the following:

• Actuators

• An actuator is a general category of output device that

provides automatic movement, such as turning a valve to

open or close a pipe

• Electric motor

• An electric motor rotates at a particular speed and

direction in response to an electrical signal

• Stepper motors rotate in a series of steps, providing

precise movement

• Servo motors provide either partial rotation or continuous

rotation

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Industrial IoT Devices (3 of 3) • Types of devices you might find in industrial applications

include the following (continued):

• Solenoid

• A solenoid is a tightly wound coil of wire that creates a strong

magnetic field when electricity is applied

• RFID tags

• RFID tags are attached to objects and are used to identify and track

the objects

• PLCs

• Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are input/output controllers

used in assembly lines, robotics, and automated machinery

• IoT gateways

• IoT gateway devices translate data coming from an IoT network to

another type of network

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Architecture • The IoT should be capable of

interconnecting billions or trillions

of heterogeneous objects through

the Internet, so there is a critical

need for a flexible layered

architecture.

• The ever-increasing number of

proposed architectures has not

yet converged to a reference

model.

The IoT architecture. (a) Three-layer. (b) Middle-ware based. (c) SOA based. (d) Five- layer.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Business Layer • The business (management) layer manages the overall IoT system activities

and services.

• The responsibilities of this layer are to build a business model, graphs,

flowcharts, etc. based on the received data from the Application layer.

• It is also supposed to design, analyze, implement, evaluate, monitor, and

develop IoT system related elements.

• The Business Layer makes it possible to support decision-making processes

based on Big Data analysis. In addition, monitoring and management of the

underlying four layers is achieved at this layer.

• Moreover, this layer compares the output of each layer with the expected

output to enhance services and maintain users' privacy

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Elements • Understanding the IoT building blocks helps to gain a better

insight into the real meaning and functionality of the IoT.

• Six main elements needed to deliver the functionality of the

IoT are Identification, Sensing, Communication,

Computation, Services and Semantics.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Common Standards • Many IoT standards are proposed to

facilitate and simplify application

programmers' and service providers' jobs.

Different groups have been created to

provide protocols in support of the IoT

including efforts led by the World Wide Web

Consortium (W3C), Internet Engineering

Task Force (IETF), EPCglobal, Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

and the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI).

Standardization Efforts in Support of the IoT

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Example of Application Protocols • Constrained Application

Protocol (CoAP)

• The CoAP defines a web

transfer protocol based

on REpresentational State

Transfer (REST) on top of

HTTP functionalities.

• CoAP aims to enable tiny

devices with low power,

computation and

communication capabilities to

utilize RESTful interactions. 66

CoAP functionality

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Example of Application Protocols • Message Queue Telemetry

Transport (MQTT)

• MQTT is a messaging protocol

that was introduced by Andy

Stanford-Clark of IBM and Arlen

Nipper of Arcom (now Eurotech)

in 1999 and was standardized in

2013 at OASIS.

• MQTT aims at connecting

embedded devices and networks

with applications and middleware.

The architecture of MQTT

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Service Discovery Protocols

• The high scalability of the IoT requires a resource

management mechanism that is able to register and

discover resources and services in a self-configured,

efficient, and dynamic way.

• The most dominant protocols in this area are multicast

DNS (mDNS) and DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD) that

can discover resources and services offered by IoT

devices.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Example of Service Discovery Protocols • Multicast DNS (mDNS)

• A base service for some IoT applications like

chatting is Name Resolution.

• mDNS is such a service that can perform the task

of unicast DNS server. mDNS is flexible due to the

fact that the DNS namespace is used locally

without extra expenses or configuration.

• mDNS is an appropriate choice for embedded

Internet-based devices due to the facts that

• a) There is no need for manual reconfiguration or

extra administration to manage devices;

• b) It can run without infrastructure; and

• c) It can continue working if failure of infrastructure

happens.

Request/Response in mDNS protocol

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Example of Service Discovery Protocols • DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD)

• The pairing function of required services

by clients using mDNS is called DNS-

based service discovery (DNS-SD).

• Using this protocol, clients can discover

a set of desired services in a specific

network by employing standard DNS

messages.

• Figure provides a visual illustration of

how this protocol works. DNS-SD, like

mDNS, is part of the zero configuration

aids to connect machines without

external administration or configuration

Discovering print service by DNS-SD

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Infrastructure Protocols

• Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)

• 6LowPAN

• IEEE 802.15.4

• Bluetooth Low Energy

• EPCglobal

• LTE-A (Long Term Evolution—Advanced)

• Z-Wave

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Other Influential Protocols • Beyond the standards and

protocols that define an

operational framework for IoT

applications, there are some

other considerations like

security and interoperability

that should be considered.

• Security

• Interoperability (IEEE 1905.1)

Considering 1905.1 protocol in network stack.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

IoT Challenges and Future Directions • Realizing the vision of the IoT is not an easy task due to the many

challenges that need to be addressed.

• Examples of key challenges include availability, reliability, mobility,

performance, scalability, interoperability, security, privacy,

management, and trust.

• Addressing these challenges enables service providers and application

programmers to implement their services efficiently.

• For example, security and privacy play a significant role in all markets

globally due to the sensitivity of consumers' privacy.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT

• Connecting many physical objects like humans, animals, plants, smart phones, PCs,

etc. equipped with sensors to the Internet generates what is called “big data.”

• Big data needs smart and efficient storage.

• Obviously, connected devices need mechanisms to store, process, and retrieve data.

• But big data is so huge such that it exceeds the capability of commonly used

hardware environments and software tools to capture, manage, and process them

within an acceptable slot of time.

• The emerging and developing technology of cloud computing is defined by the US

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as an access model to an on-

demand network of shared configurable computing sources such as networks,

servers, warehouses, applications, and services.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT

• Cloud services allow individuals and companies to use remote third-party

software and hardware components.

• Cloud computing enables researchers and businesses to use and maintain

many resources remotely, reliably and at a low cost.

• The IoT employs many embedded devices, like sensors and actuators that

generate big data which in turn requires complex computations to extract

knowledge.

• Therefore, the storage and computing resources of the cloud present the best

choice for the IoT to store and process big data.

• In the following subsections, we discuss the relation between the IoT and big

data analytics, cloud and fog computing.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT

• The relation between the IoT

and big data analytics, cloud

and fog computing.

• Big Data Analytics in Support

of the IoT

• Cloud Computing for the IoT

• Fog Computing in Support of

the IoT

The role of the cloud and fog resources in the delivery of IoT

services https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Future of Enabling IoT Technologies • The future of IoT enabling technologies is expected to see a continued growth in the number of

connected devices and the amount of data they generate. Some specific areas that are expected to

see significant developments include:

1. 5G: the fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) will provide faster and more reliable connectivity for

IoT devices, enabling new use cases such as real-time control of industrial machinery and self-

driving vehicles.

2. Edge computing: as the amount of data generated by IoT devices continues to grow, it is becoming

increasingly important to process and analyze that data closer to the source, rather than sending it

all to the cloud. This is the idea behind edge computing, which involves deploying computing power

and storage closer to the devices that generate the data.

3. Artificial Intelligence: IoT devices and systems will increasingly rely on AI to process the data they

generate and make decisions based on that data. This will enable new applications such as predictive

maintenance, which can identify equipment problems before they occur, and improve the

performance of systems in general.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Future of Enabling IoT Technologies 4. Security: As more devices and systems become connected, security will continue to

be an important concern. Advanced security technologies, such as Blockchain and

homomorphic encryption, may be used to protect IoT systems from unauthorized

access and attacks.

5. Connectivity: With the rise of low-power, long-range wireless connectivity

technologies such as LoRaWAN and Sigfox, the number of devices that can be

connected to the internet will continue to increase, including devices in hard-to-reach

or remote locations.

6. Interoperability: As the number of connected devices and services continues to grow,

it will be important to ensure that they can work together seamlessly. Technologies such

as Web of Things (WoT) and AllSeen Alliance will play a crucial role in ensuring

interoperability between different devices, systems and services.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Metaverse and IoT Technology

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What is Metaverse? • The Metaverse is a term used to describe a collective virtual shared space that is

created by the convergence of virtual reality, augmented reality, and the internet.

• It is a fully immersive and interactive digital world that allows users to interact with

each other, digital representations of real-world objects, and virtual objects in a

seamless and consistent way.

• The Metaverse is imagined as a virtual universe where users can engage in a wide

range of activities, from socializing and gaming to education and commerce.

• Users can access the Metaverse through various digital devices such as VR/AR

headsets, smartphones, tablets, and PCs.

• In the metaverse, users can interact with virtual environments, objects, and avatars,

and can also create their own virtual objects and environments, which other users can

interact with.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are the relation between Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies?

• Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies are related in the sense that both involve the

use of technology to connect and interact with the physical world in new and

innovative ways.

• The concept of the Metaverse refers to a virtual world that is fully immersive and

interactive, where users can interact with each other, digital representations of real-

world objects, and virtual objects in a seamless and consistent way. This virtual world

can be accessed via various digital devices such as VR/AR headsets, smartphones,

tablets, and PCs.

• IoT enabling technologies, on the other hand, are used to create and support IoT

systems and devices. These technologies, such as wireless communication, sensors,

cloud computing, and data storage, allow IoT devices to connect to the internet and

communicate with one another, gather data from the physical world, and take actions

based on that data.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What are the relation between Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies?

• The connection between these two technologies is that Metaverse will use IoT data to

create a more realistic and sophisticated representation of the physical world. IoT

systems can provide data about the physical world to the metaverse, enabling

metaverse to be more accurate, and realistic.

• IoT devices such as cameras, microphones, and sensors could be used to collect data

from the physical world and send it to the metaverse, where it can be used to create

realistic digital representations of real-world objects and environments. Similarly,

metaverse can provide controls for IoT devices to interact with physical world, such

as open a door, turn on a light, and so on.

• So, in summary, IoT enabling technologies provide data and control capabilities that

can be used to create a more realistic and sophisticated representation of the

physical world in the metaverse, while metaverse can provide a more immersive and

interactive way to interact with that world.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

1st Wave: Agricultural Age (29,500 Years) Goal, Produce Food

2nd wave: Industrial Age (500 Years) Goal, Produce Material

3rd wave: Information Age ( 25 Years) Goal, Produce Information

4th wave: Virtual Age ( 20 Years ahead!) Goal, Spirituality

Virtual Age (Metaverse): Next Wave of Change in Society

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What is Virtual Age? • The term "Virtual age" refers to a period in which virtual reality and

other digital technologies are widely used and have a significant impact

on society. These technologies include virtual and augmented reality,

artificial intelligence, big data, the internet of things, and blockchain,

among others.

• In the virtual age, people will be able to interact with the digital world

and digital objects in a more seamless, immersive, and consistent way.

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are two examples of

technology that allow users to immerse themselves in a digital world

and interact with it in real-time.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

What is Virtual Age? • Virtual age also allows to access a digital replica of the physical world, such as cities,

buildings, and historical sites, and experience them in a way that is not possible in real

life. Also, with the help of AI, people can interact with virtual agents that can

understand and respond to natural language.

• Big data, IoT, and blockchain technologies will also play a role in virtual age, allowing

for more accurate, real-time insights and predictions to be made about the physical

world, more secure and trustless interactions between users, and the ability to track

and record all sorts of information in a transparent and tamper-proof way.

• Overall, virtual age represents a new paradigm shift in how people interact with the

world, and will have far-reaching implications for society, culture, and the economy.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Paper 1: Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society

Professor Jalali

Paper 1

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Paper 2: Virtual Age: Enabling Technologies and Trends

Professor Jalali

Paper 2

Metaverse is part of the

idea of professor

Jalali in year 1993

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Professor Jalali speech

West Virginia University

1993

Virtual Age (Metaverse): Next Wave of Change in Education!

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Conclusion • The emerging idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly finding its path throughout our modern

life, aiming to improve the quality of life by connecting many smart devices, technologies, and

applications.

• Overall, the IoT would allow for the automation of everything around us.

• This lecture presented an overview of the principle of this concept, its enabling technologies,

protocols, applications of the IoT.

• This, in turn, should provide a good foundation for students who are interested to gain an insight into

the IoT technologies and protocols to understand the overall architecture and role of the different

components and protocols that constitute the IoT.

• Further, some of the challenges and issues that pertain to the design and deployment of IoT

implementations will be presented in other lectures.

• Moreover, we will discuss in the interplay between the IoT, big data analytics, cloud and fog

computing in the coming lectures.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Conclusion • The goals of most IoT technologies are to collect, process, analyze, react to, and communicate

data.

• Any technology that does one or more of those tasks is a candidate for use in IoT applications

• IoT combines electronics, computer hardware, programming, and networking, plus a little

needed creativity to imagine what new “things” you can add to the world of IoT.

• IoT data processing occurs in two places: the front end and the back end.

• Different types of devices and different environments dictate what type of networking

technology is likely to be used by a particular IoT device.

• Home automation is a burgeoning industry and a driver of IoT, but industrial IoT products will

likely have a greater impact on society as a whole

• The use of IoT technologies in industry, particularly in manufacturing, has been dubbed

Industry 4.0

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Conclusion: Six key barriers to IoT adoption 1. Knowledge: People are aware of the internet, especially in terms of mobile internet, but they do not

have knowledge about IoT.

2. Access: the availability of the necessary network infrastructure for IoT required to gain high speed

network access, and the availability of relevant end-user devices.

3. Skills: the extent to which people have the necessary levels of literacy and digital “savviness” to

make meaningful use of the internet of Things.

4. Affordability: the costs associated with buying or accessing connected devices, the cost of data

plans, and other associated service fees and expenses.

5. Relevance: the extent to which people can find and consume content, services, and connected

products that they can understand and that meet their needs.

6. Safety and security: how worried people are about the potential risks and negative experiences that

they may be exposed to via the IoT, such as harmful content devices, fraud, and devices data

protection.

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

References • Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563

• Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society (Aliakbar Jalali)

• https://vdocuments.net/dr-jalali-paperc50.html?page=1

• Virtual Age: Enabling Technologies and Trends (Aliakbar Jalali)

• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5070754

• Internet of Things-IOT: Definition, Characteristics, Architecture, Enabling Technologies,

Application & Future Challenges, Keyur K Patel1 , Sunil M Patel (DOI 10.4010/2016.1482

• Technologies and Protocol for IoT

• https://webstor.srmist.edu.in/web_assets/downloads/2021/communication-technologies-

for-iot.pdf

/59

U oN

A- ST

56 0-

W in

te r -

20 23

, I nt

er ne

t o f T

hi ng

s (Io

Resources 1- IoT Revolution: 5 Ways the Internet of Things Will Change Transportation

•https://interestingengineering.com/iot-revolution-5-ways-the-internet-of-things-will-change-

transportation

2- How IoT is Transforming the Energy Industry

•https://easternpeak.com/blog/how-iot-is-transforming-the-energy-industry/

3- Industry 4.0: The Future of Manufacturing

•https://www.freshfields.com/en-us/our-thinking/campaigns/digital/internet-of-

things/industrial-iot/industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-the-future-of-manufacturing/

4- Pushing IoT Data Gathering, Analysis, and Response to the Edge

•https://dzone.com/articles/pushing-iot-data-gathering-analysis-and-response-to-the-edge

5- IoT DIY Projects

• https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-award/diy/

6- Design and Simulation of IoT Systems Using the Cisco Packet Tracer

• https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=108495