missing conclusion in overall case study analysis along with the correlation with the text book information in regards to global health issues.

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Research and Journal: Wage Discrimination

Wage discrimination refers to the situation where an employer pays a certain person or group of people less than another for the substantially equal amount of work measure. In other words, it involves compensations including salary, overtime pay, profit ratios, insurance opportunities, all expenses, and benefits in different measures for the same amount of work. Additionally, discrimination in wage payment may also occur in situations that a woman holds a unique position with her employer that cannot be compared to another employee but receives less payment than male counterparts due to sex wage discrimination (Schieder and Elise 78). The Paycheck Fairness Act covers the issue of wage discrimination based on sexual orientation. Gladwell as well gives strategies on how to defy one’s disadvantages and be able to register success. Shakespeare, on the other hand gives the results of unlawful acquisition of power.

In the year 2008, it was revealed that the average annual earnings of women was 77.5% of men’s earnings (Schieder and Elise 78). The Paycheck Fairness act was meant to provide punishment for employers for retaliating against their employees who share salary information. Besides, it puts the weight of justification on employers as to some of the reasons why a person is paid less and allows workers to sue their bosses for punitive damages of wage discrimination. Another provision that the bill covers is that it proposes to start training women in strategies that may make them have the skills to negotiate their wages better and strongly (Institute for Women's Policy Research 36).

On the issue of wage discrimination based on gender, Clinton, one of the presidential candidates In the United States, called for the passage of the Paycheck Fairness Act other than advocating for payment of family leaves. Clinton has also been witnessed as a long proponent of gender equality in terms of wage payments. She portrayed this proposition during her time as a senator and she continues to call for the passage of the Act times after her reign as a senator. She asserts that “failure to ensure equal wages for women impacts families and the broad economy” and additionally, she asserted that “that it’s the whole state’s problem and not just a women’s problem” (Leonhardt, 33).

Introduced in the year 2015, the paycheck fairness act was established under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. It is also referred to as the Equal pay Act which was aimed at revising remedies for, enforcement of, and exceptions to prohibitions against sex discrimination in the award of wages (Leonhardt, 33). It was specifically meant to provide more effective solutions to victims of discrimination in salary payments due to their sex orientation and other purposes. The Paycheck Fairness Act revises the exceptions to the restriction for a salary rate differential based on any other factor apart from sexual orientation. It limits aspects to bonafide levels for instance education, training as well as experience. In summary, the Act was part of the efforts to deal with the gender pay gap in the country (Library of Congress 78).

Paycheck Fairness Act apart from strongly aiming to end wage discrimination in workplaces, it states that the bona fide factor defense can apply on terms such as when the employer demonstrates the difference in payment is not derived from a sex-based differential in compensation. In the constitution on page 56, the act states that “any action brought to enforce the prohibition against sex discrimination may be maintained as a class action in which individuals may be joined as party plaintiffs without their consent.” Wage discrimination should also be job-related with respect to the position that is in question. To achieve chances to defense, the employer must also prove that wage discrimination is consistent with business necessities. There are also cases where the defense cannot apply such as the existence of an alternative employment practice that would sufficiently serve the said business purpose without having to resolve to the said wage differential practice. Defense is also inapplicable in a situation where the employer has intentionally refused to adopt or ignored the existence of the alternative practice (Library of Congress 79).

To address the issue of discrimination in wage payment, the Paycheck Fairness Act seeks to defend employees and enable them to have their rights served commonly. As portrayed from research articles, women happen to be the most targeted victims of wage discrimination by being awarded 77.5% of men’s salary as stated (Schieder and Elise 78). The bill additionally prevents employers from retaliating against workers who forward complaints of wage discrimination. It, therefore, seeks to not only ensure that employees are awarded equally for matching efforts but to also protect them from their employers in case they realize their participation in giving the information (Schieder and Elise 78). Employees who violate sex discrimination in wages are made liable to civil action by the bill for either compensatory or punitive charges, except for the federal government. It additionally authorizes the United States Secretary of Labor to seek compensatory or punitive damages in a situation of sex discrimination of wage payment. The Paycheck Fairness Act states that the concerned bodies should take up the responsibility to train an affected individual on matters involving wage discrimination (Schieder and Elise 78).

The United States constitution limits the power of the government as well as employers to discriminate. The constitution it was stated that it holds the truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration). The amendments required that every person be considered as deserving an equal chance as the other. It further states that when governments become destructive people should insist on abolishing them and achieving their own happiness, satisfaction and equality. The constitution additionally states that governments should laying the foundations on principles such as giving the right to life, liberty, happiness, safety and mainly equity.

Gladwell in his book, ‘David and Goliath: underdogs, misfits, and the art of battling giants’, portrays giants as things that people battle with as the things that come into their lives and not literally just giants. Gladwell in Chapter seven of his book gives the story of a young mother, Rosemary, who survived during the struggles and problems in Northern Ireland between the Catholics and Protestants. Ireland called on the British army to protect the citizens but they turned on the Ireland forcing the citizens to become disobedient (Leonhardt, 33) As a result of the reigning brutality among the government, a revolution arose. Unlike Rosemary’s situation, Joanne, head of city’s Housing Bureau in Brownsville reveals that treating juveniles with love makes them choose better behavior in life. He showed that authoritative figures do not necessarily have to be the enemy. Gladwell finalized his argument by portraying that authority need to show respect to the people to establish legitimacy (Gladwell, 67).

In chapter eight, Gladwell gives an example of Reynolds, who lost his daughter to a shooting several years back. Reynolds gives his experiences to a family that is a victim of losing a daughter to murder and advises them not to take the road he took of dwelling in pain and revenge as the consequences were too much. “I Was taught that there was an alternative way to deal with injustice,” Derksen asserted” I was taught it in school….We were taught the history of persecution”. Gladwell makes Wilma Derksen, the girl’s mother the focus of his article. After being advised by Reynolds to be careful not to let her daughter’s death get into her and mentally eat her alive. Derksen asserted that she could have started her version of three strikes like Reynolds but decided not to as she stated that “it would have gotten harder. I think I would have lost Cliff, I think I would have lost my children. I would be doing to others what he did to Candace”. She resolves to despise focusing on revenge which was said by Reynolds to cause a lot of pain to the victim. Wilma chooses to forgive her daughter’s killer where she chooses to forgive and forget (Gladwell, 60).

In this expression, a man employs the full power of the state in his grief and ends up plugging his government into a meaningless and costly situation. A woman who finds the strength to forgive walks away from power and saves her marriage and sanity. Gladwell’s lessons are valid in the field of discrimination in that, it does not always have to be the hard way that leads to success. Wage discrimination specifically does not have to be the only way that employers make more profits by paying their workers differently for equal efforts. It also gives the discriminated people the advice that they do not have to dwell on revenge against their oppressors as it can lead to more chaos (Lewis, 111).

King Richard III is used by Shakespeare to illustrate the effects of malicious, power-hunger and bitter filled character. After a long civil war between the royal families of York and Lancaster, England enjoys peace under King Edward IV. Edward’s younger brother Richard, however, resents Edward’s power and the happiness of people and decides to kill anyone to become the king. Richard uses his intelligence of deception and wins his campaign for the throne. He has several people murdered in order to achieve the throne and puts one of the murders on his brother King Edward to accelerate his illness and death. He finally takes over the throne from his brother but has the people fearing him for his reign of terror. When Richmond, a descendant of the Lancaster family rises up to challenge Richard, the people welcome and support him. Richmond kills Richard and becomes the ruler of England as Edward VII (Shakespeare, 57).

Shakespeare’s aim in this context was to show that authority does not have to be gained the wrong way as there will always be consequences. At a point in the book, Ann, Edwards’s daughter is aware of Richard’s deceit and tells him “Foul devil, for God’s sake, hence and trouble us not, for thou has made the happy earth thy hell…... if though delight to view thy heinous deeds.” In the view of wage discrimination, it is clear that it is neither right nor safe for employers to discriminate and underpay some of their employees as the repercussions will always follow their actions. These repercussions come to them in form of lawsuits, having to lose more money to compensation of their workers when they go to court, etc. It is, therefore, a moral from Shakespeare’s story about King Richard III that people should acquire everything rightfully and fairly (Craig, 57).

In conclusion, from the scripts, it is clear that obtaining power does not have to involve the concept if depriving other people of their rightful place in the society. Additionally, grabbing power and exploiting other people to gain power always has its own effects as the people are likely to retaliate at some point in an effort to gain their rights and freedoms in the society. It is therefore advisable as implied by Shakespeare to ensure that one does not forcefully get into power as the world is always watching and will at some point repay for the bad deeds they were exposed to. According to the statement of the constitution as well, it is not right to treat people differently under any basis as it is likely to result to unpleasant situations .This has as well been backed by Gladwell’s narration in his book. Therefore, Power and greed can be argued to be a disease in the modern day society hence, it is important for a community to establish ways that will ensure that each and every member of the society is treated with the respect they deserve in the society.

Works Cited

Craig, William James. "The Tragedy of King Richard the Third - Online Library Of Liberty". Oll.Libertyfund.Org, 2016, http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/shakespeare-the-tragedy-of- king-richard-the-third.

Gladwell, Malcolm. David and Goliath: Underdogs, misfits and the art of battling giants. Penguin UK, 2013.

Hillary for America. "Hillary Clinton on Women's Rights and Opportunity". Hillaryclinton.Com, 2015, https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/womens-rights-and- opportunity/.

Institute for Women's Policy Research. "Pay Equity & Discrimination — IWPR". Iwpr.Org, 2016, http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/pay-equity-and-discrimination.

Leonhardt, Megan. "Where Presidential Candidates Stand On Equal Pay". MONEY.Com, 2016, http://time.com/money/4291017/presidential-candidates-equal-pay/.

Lewis, Tim. "Malcolm Gladwell Explains Himself". Esquire, 2016, http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/news/a5033/malcolm-gladwell-interview-profile-2013/.

Library of Congress. "H.R.1619 - Paycheck Fairness Act". Congress.Gov, 2016, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house- bill/1619?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22women%22%5D%7D.

National Women's Law Center,. "How The Paycheck Fairness Act Will Strengthen The Equal Pay Act - NWLC". NWLC, 2016, https://nwlc.org/resources/how-paycheck-fairness-act- will-strengthen-equal-pay-act/.

Schieder, Jessica and Elise Gould. "“Women’s Work” And the Gender Pay Gap: How Discrimination, Societal Norms, And Other Forces Affect Women’s Occupational Choices—And Their Pay". Economic Policy Institute, 2016, http://www.epi.org/publication/womens-work-and-the-gender-pay-gap-how- discrimination-societal-norms-and-other-forces-affect-womens-occupational-choices- and-their-pay/.

Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Richard III. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, "America's Founding Documents". National Archives. N.p., 2016. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.