Solutions, Acids and Bases Lab report

By :Student A B and C

April 23, 2018

Introduction

The cell cycle can be known as the life cycle of all cells. In more technical terms, the cell goes through a “birth” stage and a reproduction stage. The birth stage is the formation by the division of a mother cell. The reproduction stage is the division to make two new daughter cells. In eukaryotic cell, the stages of the cycle are separated into two stages: interphase and the mitotic stage. Interphase is when the cell grows and makes copies of its DNA. The mitotic phase is the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divide its cytoplasm, forming two new cells. Within interphase, there are three categories that lead up to cell division. There is the G1 phase, S phase, and the G2 phase. Those three alone are what make up interphase. In the G1 phase, the cells grow larger and larger, make physical copies, and makes the molecular building blocks. In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. During G2 phase the cell grows more, and begins to make proteins and organelles. G2 phase ends when mitosis begins. Mitosis however is the cell division in which one cell divides to make two new cells. These two new cells are identical to each other. In prokaryotic cell, they lack nuclei so these cells under a division called binary fission. There are five steps. The first one is that DNA is replicated. The second one is that the cell elongates. The third step is the DNA molecule move to the opposite sides of the cell. The fourth is the membrane grow inward. Finally, the two daughter cells are formed. The goals of this week’s lab is to be able to; describe events associated with the cell cycle, describe events associated with mitosis, distinguish between the stages of mitosis on prepared slides of mitotic cells, stain and examine chromosomes in mitotic cells​,​ and​ ​estimate the duration of the various stages of mitosis.

Materials and Methods

Activity 1: Stimulate chromosomal replication and movement during mitosis

In this activity, we stimulated the chromosomal replication and how the stages of mitosis. The materials we used in this activity were: notebook paper and pipe cleaners. We started off by examining the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) on the models. Next, we used the pipe cleaners and designed it to look like the G phase of interphase and placed it on the notebook paper. The chromosomes were the long pipe cleaners and the centromeres were the short pipe cleaners. Then, we rearranged the pipe cleaners and designed it to look like the S phase of interphase. After we understood the phases of interphase, we made our own model like we did with interphase with prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase using the long pipe cleaners as chromosomes and the short pipe cleaners as centromeres that wraps around the chromosomes. Then, we drew the results of cytokinesis and the re-formation of nuclear membranes. Lastly, we took the picture of metaphase and labeled it.

Activity 2: Observe and describe mitosis in animal cells.

In this activity we observed the mitosis stages in a animal cell. The materials that were used in this experiment was: microscope and blastula of a whitefish slide. We first examined the blastula of a whitefish slide with a microscope. We examined the cells on the 10x then 40x magnification. We understood cytokinesis of the whitefish cells and the stages. We lastly drew animals cell of mitosis.

Activity 3: Observe and diagram mitosis in plant cells

In this last activity, we examined the mitosis in a plant cell. The materials we used in this activity were: a microscope and an onion root tip slide. We started off my looking at the onion root tip slide with an microscope. Lastly, we diagram the stages of mitosis in plant cells in the table,

Results

In activity one, we observed the movements of chromosomes throughout mitosis, utilizing pipe cleaners. We modeled prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; below is our metaphase model.

Metaphase model ,(in the process of being labeled)

Metaphase model, labeled (disregard the mid chromosome’s position, it should parallel with the other chromosomes)

In activity two, we observed mitosis in the animal cell of a White Fish Blastula using a microscope. We examined how condensed and strained some of the chromosomes were in the slide. We also examined if the cells were in cytokinesis, but saw no signs of such. Afterwards, we observed metaphase cross sections parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the spindle

Apparatus.

In activity 3, utilizing an onion root tip, we observed and created a diagram of mitosis in the plant cells. We learned that plant cells have a cell plate formation as opposed to animal cells who have a cleavage furrow. We later drew plant cells with three chromosome pairs in each mitosis stage.

Conclusion

In this lab we described what happens during cell division. In cell division there are two phases, the interphase and mitotic phase. In the interphase their is a division of the mother cell which occurs is g1-3 phase. In mitosis the cell forms two daughter cells; splitting into chromosomes.

We also described the different stages of mitosis with pipe cleaners. We put four sets of pipe cleaners together to demonstrate the chromosomes in the middle of the cell with chromosomes aligned in the middle; and put the centriole pair at the opposite ends of the cell demonstrating the metaphase. We also demonstrated Interphase with the pipe cleaners which consist of the nucleus, chromatin, and nuclear envelope; so to demonstrate this we bunched the pipe cleaners together because they did not form into chromosomes yet. The interphase is the longest stage which gets nutrients and uses protein to begin the cell division.The duration of mitosis takes around one to two hours. In conclusion, we learned how new cells form in mitosis; we demonstrated two out of the four stages (interphase and metaphase) of mitosis; and lastly, the duration of mitosis.

Literature Cited

Lab Sheet (Mitosis: Replication of Eukaryotic Cells) from the lab on Monday, April 16, 2018