CJA1

and the students majoring in criminal justice. The Department of Criminal Justice is situated in a college or school (often called the School of Social Sciences) along with other departments with similar disciplines, and they share a mission and common goals and values set by the dean. Finally, these three systems operate within the larger university setting to accomplish the mission and strategic goals and values set by the school’s administra‐ tion. To add to this, some universities are involved in statewide systems that include all universities within the state. In Georgia, for example, all state-funded schools belong to the University System of Georgia (USG). The USG sets a mission, goals, and values for the state educa‐ tional system and passes that information down to the various systems mentioned previously. The systems ap‐ proach will be investigated further in the next two chap‐ ters, but for now, su�ce it to say that all organizations have systems in their structures. The impact of those sys‐ tems on organizational activities, goals, and values varies greatly.

Organizations can be very complex organisms. They may operate within the con�nes of formal rules, regulations, and authority, or they may be more loosely based on the achievement of goals with little supervision. Organizations may also be open systems actively engag‐ ing and interacting with the environment or closed sys‐ tems that accept little outside input and feedback; each is

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