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In 1913, the U.S. government began collecting income taxes, and grants were made by the federal government to address critical needs and disasters. The country was well into the Great Depression in 1933 under Republican President Herbert Hoover. Hoover believed that the de‐ pression would eventually be resolved through legisla‐ tion that supported businesses, and ultimately, when business was good, employees would receive the bene�t in increased wages (this is called “trickle-down” econom‐ ics). In March 1933, a Democratic president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was elected to o�ce. FDR be‐ lieved that the country needed more direct governmental intervention directed to the individual to end the depres‐ sion. Through two terms in o�ce, he created a New Deal with numerous programs including the Social Security Administration, the Works Progress Administration, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the National Labor Relations Board. These social programs provided jobs for the unem‐ ployed, put food on the family table, and spurred the de‐ velopment of a robust infrastructure of roads, bridges, dams, and other public works.

The next burst of social programs came in the 1960s un‐ der Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” when there was a �urry of social programs, in‐ cluding those to address racial injustice and the “War on

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Proposal Writing: Effective Grantsmanship for Funding…

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