Nonprofit Analysis paper
Instructions for Using Chicago/Turabian Notes & Bibliography Style
When writing any research paper for a college level class, it is very important that the student properly cite sources used for preparing the paper. There are several acceptable citation styles which may be required by your instructor, MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American Psychological Association) and the Chicago (Chicago Manual of Style). The Chicago style also has a sub-category specifically for use by students for non-published writing called, Turabian. This style follows the Chicago Manual of Style, but is a simplified version specifically designed for student use. This is a brief paper to explain the proper use of Chicago/Turabian Style Citation, specifically using the Notes and Bibliography format, which is the style and format I require. When you use this style, you have the option of using FOOTNOTES (which appear at the end of EACH page of your paper) or ENDNOTES (which appear at the end of your paper on a separate page(s) and BEFORE the bibliography page). For this example, I am using the ENDNOTE style, but the format of an endnote is the same for a footnote, just in a different location. If you choose to use the footnote style, that will be acceptable and will not count against you as long as you use the correct format for your notes.
This style (Chicago/Turabian) is popular in the humanities – including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are usually listed in a separate bibliography. This system is very flexible and can easily accommodate a wide variety of sources.1
Note that in the above direct quote, I indented and single spaced the direct quote and also provided a superscript number. If you are directly quoting a source which is multiple sentences in length, you should indent and single-space or double-space. Double-spacing is acceptable, but the indenting is not optional. I personally like to single-space, as it makes it very clear, that it is a direct quote. If you direct quote only ONE sentence, you do not have to indent/single-space, just have the superscript immediately after the ONE sentence. If you paraphrase information, use superscript, but do not indent/single-space.
The Turabian Style was created by Katie Larimore Turabian when she wrote a small pamphlet in 1937 describing the University of Chicago’s required writing style for students who were writing college dissertations. Ms. Turabian was the university’s dissertation secretary and reviewed every accepted doctoral thesis submitted by students. This pamphlet eventually became the A Manual for Writers. This booklet reflected the guidelines in The Chicago Manual of Style, but had minor differences which accommodated the needs of student writers. In 1955 the University of Chicago Press published the book under the title A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.2
In today’s culture, websites are one of the most common sources of information, so often websites may be cited as a reference source. When citing websites, it is important to be specific and indicate the very specific web-page where the information was found. It is also important to note the date the website was accessed, as websites change often, and content may change from one day to the next. You will notice in the examples above, the first citation from a website, is a direct, word-for-word quote, and that quote is indented and single-spaced. The second reference is not a direct quote, but rather a paraphrase of the webpage content. This reference is NOT indented or single-spaced. These references come from DIFFERENT pages
within a website, so they should be separate endnotes. See the endnote page to see how each of these are cited and how they are different.
Another common source for information might be instructor lectures and/or presentations. If the lecturer/instructor provides a copy of the PowerPoint, it makes it easier to cite the source, but you can cite a lecture without a PowerPoint as well. When citing a class lecture, include the instructor’s name, title of the lecture in quotation marks, the course number and name of class, the name of the institution, the city/state, and the date of the lecture. Let’s pretend that I am referencing the lecture which I presented on February 27, 2019 in this paragraph. I would have a superscript number at the end of this sentence. 3 Then this superscript would correspond with the citation on the endnote page just like my other references. Also note, that if the content you are referencing in the lecture also corresponds with the textbook content, you may also want to check out the corresponding chapter in your textbook, and there could be additional information you cite from the textbook, I have cited the textbook as an example here.4 Note that when you cite a source in a book, you should include the specific page number where you found the information you are citing. In the bibliography, you do not have to include the specific page number.
As you know, I show a lot of videos in class. Let’s pretend that I am going to reference the video I showed a couple of weeks ago in class. The video I want to reference is the Dan Pallotta video titled, “The Way We Think About Charity is Dead Wrong.” 5 When referencing audiovisual materials, you need to include the person primarily being quoted or referenced, which in this case would be Dan Pallotta, the source of the video (in this case it was TedX
Longbeach CA), the date the video was posted and/or created (March 2013), the length of the video, and the link to the video.
Another source for citation which you may encounter, might be a brochure, pamphlet or annual report. These type of publications should follow the same convention as books. I am going to use as an example from an organization I used to work for, Community Council of Greater Dallas. I am going to reference their 2015 Annual Report.6 The report I used did not provide the name of an author, so I could not include a specific name, only the name of the organization.
The next thing I want to discuss will be how you cite a source that you have already cited previously in your paper. This is called “shortened notes.” Shortened notes are used when you cite a source, which has already been cited once in a complete, endnote. So for example, if I cited a previous source in this paragraph, such as the website in my first endnote, from the Chicago Manual of Style.7 Since I have already cited this website (same website, same webpage, same day accessed), I don’t have to use the long version, I can use a shortened note. See how this is done by looking at number 7 on the endnote page. For illustration purposes, let’s pretend that I am citing all of my sources again in this paper. In this sentence, I am referencing again the history of Kate Turabian.8 Again, since I have already referenced this source, I can do a short version, which only includes the main source (Chicago Manual of Style) and the page title (About History of Kate Turabian). You can continue to cite previous sources and use shortened notes, as long as you have already previously cited it in a longer note, pretend this is a reference to my lecture previously cited.9 Be sure to indicate the page number you are referencing if applicable (books, annual reports, etc.), pretend I am referencing the
Worth textbook again here.10 As a reminder, always remember that the Endnote or Works Cited page should always be in numbered and the endnotes must be in the same order as cited in your paper, here I am pretending I am referencing the Pallotta video again.11 My last reminder for the endnotes is that you must always remember to indent the first line, and the other lines are not indented, pretend I am referencing the annual report again in this sentence.12
Now that I have completed my endnotes, I want to briefly discuss your bibliography page. The bibliography page(s) should be the last thing in your paper, after endnotes. The bibliography should list ANY and ALL sources, whether you cited them or not. For example, while writing this paper, I looked at more than one website which discussed Chicago/Turabian style citations, but I did not necessarily cite information from both sites. However, those websites INFORMED my content of the paper. I would want to include those websites as part of the bibliography even though they were not cited. Also remember that the bibliography page is compiled ALPHABETICALLY, not in the order cited in the paper. Also, the bibliography usually does NOT include the specific page numbers because that should be included in the endnotes. Also, on a bibliography, the format of the bibliography reference is NOT exactly the same as what you used for the endnote/footnote. If there is an individual’s name that you can attribute the source to, that name is always the FIRST element, with LAST name first. If there is not an individual’s name to attribute the source to, use the name of an organization, or the main name of the resource (example Chicago Manual of Style website). This is how you will alphabetize the sources, so keep that in mind. You should always refer to a hard-copy of a style manual or reference an online style manual to find the correct configuration for EACH source,
as they vary depending on each source. Another difference between the bibliography page and the endnote page, is that in the bibliography page, the FIRST line of the source is NOT indented, but the other lines are indented. This is the OPPOSITE of the footnotes/endnotes.
Endnotes (or Works Cited)
1. “Citation Quick Guide Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations,” Turabian: A Manual for Writers, Chicago Manual of Style, accessed March 1, 2019, https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/turabian-notes-and-bibliography-citation-quick- guide.html.
2. “About History of Kate Turabian’s Manual For Writers,” Turabian: A Manual for Writers, Chicago Manual of Style, accessed March 1, 2019, https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/about/history.html.
3. White, Sonia. “Continuum of Relationships: Chapter 8: Collaborations, Partnerships & Mergers.” MGMT 3613: Nonprofit Organization & Society. Class lecture at Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, February 27, 2019.
4. Michael J. Worth, “Collaborations, Partnerships, and Mergers,” in Nonprofit Management Principles and Practices, 5th Edition, (Los Angeles: Sage Publishing 2018), 201-203.
5. Dan Pallotta. “The Way We Think About Charities is Dead Wrong.” TedX Longbeach, CA, March 2013, video, 18:54 https://youtu.be/bfAzi6D5FpM.
6. 2015 Annual Report: Investing in people to ensure community well being. Community Council of Greater Dallas, October 2016, 4.
7. Chicago Manual of Style, “Citation Quick Notes and Bibliography.” 8. Chicago Manual of Style, “About History of Kate Turabian.” 9. White, lecture. 10. Worth, Nonprofit Management, 205 .
11. Pallotta, video. 12. Community Council, Annual Report, 2 .
Chicago Manual of Style. “About History of Kate Turabian’s Manual for Writers,” Turabian: A Manual for Writers, accessed March 1, 2019. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/about/history/html.
Chicago Manual of Style. “Citation Quick Guide Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations,” Turabian: A Manual for Writers, accessed March 1, 2019. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/turabian-notes-and-bibliography-citation-
quick.html
Community Council of Greater Dallas. 2015 Annual Report: Investing in people to ensure community well being. October 2016.
Haas, Lee. “How to Cite a Brochure in Chicago Style”. Pen & the Pad. Accessed on March 1, 2019, https://penandthepad.com/cite-brochure-chicago-style-19657.html.
Pallotta, Dan. “The Way We Think About Charities is Dead Wrong.” TedX Longbeach, CA, March 2013, video, 18:54 https://youtu.be/bfAzi6D5FpM.
White, Sonia. “Continuum of Relationships: Chapter 8: Collaborations, Partnerships & Mergers.” MGMT 3613: Nonprofit Organization & Society. Class lecture at Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, February 27, 2019.
Worth, Michael J. Nonprofit Management Principles and Practices. 5th Edition, (Los Angeles: Sage Publishing 2018).