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Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1

LITERATURE REVIEW 2

Literature review: relationship between the US and international business based on cultural approach to organization

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Relationship between the US and international business based on cultural

An exploration of a collection of articles on the subject of culture and communication using theoretical framework is necessary for the comprehension of the relationship between the US and international business. The aim is conceptualizing the cultural perceptive of the American in the organizational context. Afterward, the findings of the articles reviewed can serve as the basis for concluding the nature of the relationship. The works of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010), Yamazaki & Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003) are the selected items for review. They explore subjects relating to US relations in the international sphere using a different view. The analysis of the respective studies leads to the claim that cultural perception influences behavior in the international sphere. The conclusion of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010), Yamazaki & Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003) imply that American business relations through communication with the rest are reflective of the cultural practices of the majority in the nation as depicted in the literature reviewed below.

Literature review

Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010) explores the implications of culture on the behavior of individuals with a focus on personalities preference of values. The researchers deploy a mixed study method in testing the implication of culture on teh response of employees at the workplace. They exploit data of 598 studies that involved over 200, 000 participants as the basis for hypothesizing their study. The analysis considers the cultural values dimension that infers to Hofstede's experimental conclusion. Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010) use the weighted effects of values in extricating the implication of culture. The study considers job performance absenteeism and turnover rate as the variable elements. They correlate the variable with elements such as work commitments and citizenship behavior in the quantification of the weighted values.

The findings that include participants from the United States indicate a connection between emotions and cultural values. The link, in turn, affects the attitude that alters behavior translating to the expression of the same in job performance. The result is critical guide in formulating a solution to the challenges of communication and relationship issue affecting Americans in the workplace context. Taras, Kirkman, & Steel’s findings correlate cultural values to individual behavior, and such is an affirmation that the values instilled in many American affect their overall behavior at the workplace. Another confounding this in the study is that the texts explain the cultural developments using real-life examples.

Yamazaki & Kayes (2004) conducted a study to explore the factors that affect cross-cultural learning. The scholars approached the task by identifying communication ability as a skill necessary for enhancing learning in a cross-cultural context. Their study inferred to Kolb's experiential learning theory. The process entailed a review of expatriate behavior in a diverse setting. Citizens from the US took part in the process as a sample for the empirical study. The researchers listed 73 skills sets required for cross-cultural learning then listed the skills into sets of 10. According to the study, the hypothetical used listed the skills based on the prioritization by the participants. The empirical process used the rankings of the skills as the quantification of the general behavior of people in a diverse setting.

The findings on the set of skills critical for interaction in the international sphere such as communication capability affirmed the significance of culture in human interaction. The conclusion suggested that the open approach to communication as prioritized in the west is a skill fundamental to interaction in a diverse setting. According to Yamazaki & Kayes (2004), the American prioritizes the same attributes. The researchers concluded by reviewing existing literature on the subject before proceeding to formulate the hypothesis that mandated clustering of skills sets. The modes of identification of development competencies can aid justify the behavior of American in the business context. However, inference to organizations theory is necessary for affirming the correlation in the behavior of people from different cultural setting since participants vary.

Fey & Denison (2003) explored the applicability of the American theory in a foreign context. The scholars choose Russia as the host nation for American entities. The aim was analyzing the practicality of the exploitation of American theory in steering operations in external environments. Fey & Denison (2003) deployed a multi-method evaluation of cultural implication on the behavior of expatriates in Russia. The primary focus was on the behavior of the American. For that reason, the study is an integral source in the comprehension of the US relations in business context. The research sought to hypothesize the relevance of adaptability and flexibility influenced by a person culture affecting the outcome of business operations.

The review of data from 179 foreign-owned firms in comparison with the findings of operations based in the United States facilitated the process. The scholar settled on four case studies as the basis for the quantification of the study. Their findings indicate that adaptability had profound implication in culture unlike the case in the United States. This implies that American tend to adapt faster since some of their corporations owned by American in Russia managed to thrive. Yet, the ability to adapt is an essential element for success in the country. After the quantification of the findings from the case studies, Fey & Denison (2003) hypothesized that the communist era had profound impact on the cultural behavior of Russian. As a result, the behavior affected interaction with the American in the global context even though the latter appear to respond faster, as noted, the American are positive and adopt faster in foreign environment and such play an integral role in business relations with other people.

In conclusion, an exploration of a collection of literature on the subject of US relations in international business is necessary for objective conclusion about the subject. The study exploited a collection of literature in examining the issue from a cultural perspective. The works of Taras, Kirkman, & Steel (2010), Yamazaki & Kayes, D. C. (2004), and Fey & Denison (2003) served as the materials for the exploration of the subject. Their analysis of different scenarios based on the selected hypothesis led to the conclusion that culture has a profound impact on the relationship between individuals in the business context. The findings guide the claims that America relations in the internal sphere are pegged on the cultural practices of the majority in the country. Fey & Denison (2003) describe the group as flexible; thus, the reason for success in adopting in international sphere.

References

Fey, C. F., & Denison, D. R. (2003). Organizational culture and effectiveness: can American theory be applied in Russia?. Organization science, 14(6), 686-706. http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.14.6.686.24868

Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the impact of Culture's consequences: a three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-09357-001

Yamazaki, Y., & Kayes, D. C. (2004). An experiential approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(4), 362-379. http://amle.aom.org/content/3/4/362.short