history11

European Conquest of the New World

Influenced European Change

 Three huge events 1) Black Death- 1300s, 1400s

 Fleas -> rats -> people 2) Renaissance 3) Documents discovered, learning

 Protestant reformation  1456- Printing press

o Idea of sharing reality  European exploration, east and west

o Portuguese Navigators o Spanish Conquistadors o British Adventures

Portuguese Conquerors

 1400- Portuguese sailors explored African Coast  Nautical knowledge  Desire for riches (entrepreneurs, wealthy)

o Created vast trade empire o Silk from China/ Spice from India

 Afraid to sail to Asia by going west on Atlantic o Believed only one ocean

 Built African and Asian Empires  Technology

o Compass, hourglass, astrolabe, quadrant o Caravel ship o Prince Henry the Navigator

 Trading/ Colonization o Sailors purchased slave on the African Coast o Colonized small islands o Built plantations worked by African Slaves

The Spanish

 Christopher Columbus planned a daring venture o Reaching Asia by sailing west o Believed the earth was round o Could make money in area of trade

 Queen Isabella and Kind Ferdinand sponsored him  Columbus believed the earth was round, Europe, Africa, and Asia only

continents o Reaching Asia by traveling west

The New World

 Calculated 2,500 miles to Asia from Spain going west

 1492- Columbus reached Caribbean Island San Salvador  Colonization brought Spain money  1500- Europeans realized explorers had found a new continent  Called “The New World” or “The Americas”

Reasons for Conquest

 God o Spanish and Portuguese fervent Catholics, wanted indigenous people

to know true God, built churches o British and other protestant settlers – ditto

 Glory o Europeans admired navigators’ exploits o Columbus became a nobleman

 Gold o Always desired wealth o Spanish- Gold/ Silver o Britain- natural resources North American colonies

Native Americans

 1500: 4.5 million Native Americans lived on North American continent  Hunters, gatherers, farmers  Native Americans and European cultures:

o Severe incompatibility o Mutual hostility

 Firearms, horses gave Europeans advantage  Native Americans lost much of their culture and population under European

denomination  Portuguese, Spanish, British, and other settlers generally drove natives away  Pattern throughout 19th century

Spanish Conquistadors

 Cortes destroyed Aztec civilization in Mexico  Pizarro destroyed Inca in Peru  1513: De Leon explored Florida  1520- 1545: others explored SC, GA, KS, CA, and OR  Encomienda system

o A Spanish representative ruled new world town and surrounding lands  Demanded labor and tribute from native in exchange for safety

and support

Protestant reformation

 Martin Luther- German college professor/ friar  1517: denounced Catholic Church in 95 theses  Problems with Catholic Church in 1500s:

o Controlled all religious teachings taught no escape from hell or entrance to heaven without Catholicism

o Curtailed people’s personal liberty o Influenced European politics

Reformation Results

 Luther’s Teachings o Salvation by faith in God, alone, no by the good works o Everyone had the right to read the bible o Individuals could determine their own relationship with God

 Spiritual freedom led to personal independence, national autonomy  German states broke with the church/ roman power  1530s- Henry VIII declared Britain Protestant  Influenced American colonies  John Calvin- ideals of Christian life

o Disciplined behavior, thrift, self-sufficiency, industries work habits, social order

 Protestant work ethic and capitalism in American economics  Greater personal liberty for the individual in American society

Columbian Exchange

 Transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between Europe and America since 1492

o Examples  New technology and animals for native  Foods like corn, potatoes for Europeans  Diseases such as smallpox for Indians  Syphilis for Europeans

Roots of the US

 Portuguese navigators, Spanish conquistadors, British colonists and European events fueled their guest to settle the New World

 European background explains who the colonists were, how they thought, and why they formed their societies

The British Chesapeake: A Volatile Scene

British Endeavors

 Elizabeth I- Protestant Monarch o Built strong navy, encouraged piracy o 1588: defeated “Spanish Armada” o Started British colonies in Spanish World

 Her nobleman founded “Virginia Colony” o Named for Elizabeth, the “Virginia Queen” o Included part of MD and NC o Called “Roanoke” and Chesapeake”

Early Disaster

 1585: Sir Walter Raleigh and settlers colonized “Roanoke” on NC’s outer banks

 1588: Governor sailed to Britain for supplies o Returned 2 years later- colony gone o Clue – word “Croatoan” carved on a tree

 115 colonists fate remains a mystery o Since 1937, an outdoor drama “The Lost Colony” is performed yearly

onsite

British Endeavors

 1607: King James I gave 6 million acres to VA. Company o British investors funded colonial expeditions o Investors sought money from natural resources

 Kind James wanted colonial profits similar to Spain’s  Years passed before colony made money

Jamestown, VA

 1607: 3 ships and 100 men arrived  Alonguian tribe lived in area

o Pocahontas and her father, Chief Powhatan o After fighting, Powhatan and British settlers made peace

 Years to struggle o Hard to sustain colony o New settlers arrived to replace the dead o Few women came

Disaster

 High death rate o Malaria o Starvation o Fall 1610: 500 settlers o Spring 1611: 60 remained

 Lack of effort o Many gentlemen settlers refused to work o Settlers argued, would not work together o Didn’t plant crops

Native Americans

 Pocahontas and Powhatan aided settlers o Befriended colonial leader John Smith o Brought corn

 John Smith started trade o Increase food supply o Problem: Goods for guns o Native American settlers relationships Volatile

 Colony still couldn’t make a profit o Angered king and investors

Indentured Servitude

 Brought British working class to Virginia o Poor 14-24 year olds signed contract for their ship passage o Agent sold servants labor to a VA plantation owner

 Contract o Servants agreed to work 4-7 years o Masters agreed to provide necessities

Servants and Landowners

 Servant’s goal: Complete indenture and own land o Most died first from disease, overwork

 Landowners benefited from cheap labor o “headright system”- householder received 50 acres of land per person

he brought to VA  Servants kept coming

o Britain offered little opportunity  1600-1650: 80% of Chesapeake colonists indentured servants

Tobacco, the “Stinkage Weed”

 1612: John Rolfe (Pocahantas’s husband) first grew tobacco in VA o Workers cleared field with heavy hoes o Dried and cured leaves

 Tobacco VA’s gold o Sold to Britain- people quickly became addicted o Britain sold tobacco to Europe o Virginia bought more African slaves to work land

 Plantations and villages built throughout eastern VA

Republican Government

 1619: VA House of Burgesses o 1st assembly of elected reps in the new world o 1619: All free male colonists could vote o 1670: Property requirements o Assembly foreshadowed future colonial assemblies, US Gov’t

 1620s: James I made VA a royal colony

o British king ruled colony until 1776 o Burgesses over local gov’t

Founding of Maryland

 1632: King Charles I gave colony to Catholic Lord Baltimore o Baltimore envisioned MD as English Catholic Haven o However, mostly protestants settled

 MD Society split o Wealthy catholic minority o Working class o Protestant majority

 Both grew tobacco for money

Social Unrest

 Due to overproduction, tobacco profits plummet o Well-to-do planters started growing more o Claimed more land o Forced poor farmers into wilderness

 Poor farmers struggled o Debt, low tobacco demands o Some re-indentured themselves o Plagued by Native Americans attacks o Angry that elite negotiated with natives

Bacon’s Rebellion

 William Berkley, British colonial gov’t o Taxed heavily, gave friend favors o Wouldn’t clear frontier land of natives o Only assisted elite, not poor farmers

 Nathanial Bacon- planter and farmers champion o Bacon/ poor farmers fought natives and British gov’t

 Bacon re-elected to House of Burgesses o Gained concessions from Berkeley

Consequences

 Indentured servitude declined o VA elites banded together for protection from working class o Purchased fewer indentured servants to shrink working class

population o Fewer arrived due to Britain’s economic upturn

 Black slavery increased o 1619: first black slaves arrived

o From Caribbean, English culture o The few slaved worked alongside white indentured slaves

Slavery for life

 After 1860: slaves came directly from Africa to VA o Took Africans longer to assimilate into VA culture o Had less in common with English souvenir

 Slavery became “durante vita”- for life-rather than temporary like indentured servitude

o Increasingly associated with skin color o Racism developed

The Deep South Colonies: The Caribbean to Carolina

Began in Barbados: 1630s

 Britain colonized Caribbean island, Barbados  Barbadian plantation owners:

o Grew sugar cane o Owned about 100 slaves o Sold sugar to Europe

o 4 times wealthier than VA’s richest tobacco planter o Wanted more land

Carolina Charter: 1663

 Sir John Colleton, Barbadian Planter, founded “Carolina” colony o 1670- founded “Charles Towne” o Barbadian Planters brought their families and slaves to Carolina

 Grew tobacco, cotton, indigo, herded cattle  Built plantations in coastal areas

o Rice: SC’s fortune  Slaves cultivated rice and they had it in Africa

African Slave Trade

 Plantations- built for production of staple items  Slave traders

o Purchased kidnapped Africans on African coast o Brought them across the Atlantic in “Middle Passage” o Sold them to plantation owners

 Slave trade legal in the US until 1808

Slavery until 1865

 1700s- slave trade increased in 13 colonies  Northern colonies had slaves

o Sojourner Truth- NY  Chesapeake and Lower South purchased more

o Whites became more socially and politically united  Slavery perpetuated unrest in the colonies and the future us for the next 150

years- and beyond

Peculiar wealth, peculiar institution

 SC Wealthiest colony o Carolinians wealthiest people on earth until Civil War

 Slavery essential to Planters o Preserved their money, social structures o Many masters worked slaves long and hard

 Slaves response o Outwitted masters when possible o Developed tight knit community, distinctive culture

Life in Colonial SC

 Early problems o Death by malaria, Native American conflicts o Wealthy Barbadians undercut each other o Oppressed poorer settlers

 Nearly all settlers protestant o Differ factions didn’t cooperate

o Anglican, Quaker, French Huguenot  1715: Yamese War devastating  Ellie- fine clothes, English style mansions  Poor farmers: homespun clothing, log cabins  Roads bad, water travel best  Charleston- SC’s social;. Cultural political host

o Wealthiest city in new world o Colonial government

Other Lower South Colonies

 1711- North Carolina o Raised tobacco o “scruffy” colony of poor farmers

 1732: Georgia o Haven for “worthy poor,” alternative to debtors prison o Outlawed slavery at first to preserve work ethic o 1750- slaves permitted for like cultivation

SC: A slave society

 Colonists felt they needed slaves to grow rice and cotton o Enormous money made

 Slavery- lifetime and hereditary condition o 1700- population 50% black o Race- based slavery gave poor white farmers social prestige

 Farmers poor and ignorant, but white, like the elites

Slave Revolt

 Florida- Spanish military outpost  GA- Buffer between SC and FL  250 Spaniards in FL antagonized British Colonies

o Offered freedom to slaves who escaped to FL and became catholic  September 8, 1739- revolt came- masters greatest fear  Stono Rebellion- 120 slaves marched from SC to FL and Freedom  March on Sept. 8 symbolic

o Macy’s birthday pm Catholic calendar o Carried white “Mary” flags

 Slaves fought state militias as they traveled south  GA- militias overwhelmed the slaves

o A few escaped, but most were killed

Negro Act of 1740

 Written by furious frightened elite  Slaves couldn’t leave plantation without a written “pass” from master  Teaching a slave to write forbidden  Slaves couldn’t assemble without masters consent  Master could not free their slaves

 Punishment when whites/ blacks violated rules

Wild SC Backcountry

 Inhabited by poor farmers o Scotch- Irish immigrants o Some Swiss, French, German o Independent fierce fighters, close knit extended families

 SC wilderness o Lacked roads, towns, native American defense o Backwoodsmen created autarkic (self-sufficient) community

 Low country v. backcountry hatred o Low country elite mainly British descent

 British had treated Scott-Irish badly in Britain  Backcountry thought elite cruel snobs

o Elite thought Scott-Irish crude  Thought they were always drunk and fighting  Thought they locked protestant work ethic

o Elite government ignored backcountry problems  Backcountry farmers asked for court system and protection  Charleston refused

o 1730s township plan- low country government established small towns in the wilderness

 Backcountry farmer ignored them  Regulators- vigilante group enforced backcountry law/order

The New England Adventure

 Religious turmoil in Britain o Henry VIII cut British ties with the catholic church

 Religious conflict in Britain for 100+ years  Some monarchs catholic, other protestant

o 1600s- monarchs created the Anglican “Church of England”  More protestant in beliefs and teaching  More catholic in rituals and customs

Religious turmoil in Britain

 Protestants in Britain disagreed  “Puritan” prote4stants

o Wanted to pull Anglican church by removing all catholic elements  “separatists” protestants (pilgrims)

o Wanted to separate from Anglican church and create a new one

 Many came to new world for religious freedom

The Pilgrims

 Pilgrims (separatists) o Had permission to settle in VA

 1620- Mayflower o 102 colonies

 Pilgrims realized they had landed too far north o Not in Virginia

 Signed “Mayflower Compact” to est. new colony o Law and order o Commonwealth status

Plymouth settlement

 Gov. William Bradford o Wrote journal account o 50% colonists died during 1st winter

 Spring 1621 o Native Americans brought food o Squanto taught them to plant corn

 Nov. 1621 o Pilgrims had good harvest o 1st thanksgiving feast

1st Puritan Colony

 1630- Puritan group received MA Bay Co. Charter o 11 ships with 700 Puritans arrived o Founded Boston

 Gov. John Winthrop o Encouraged settlers to live holy lives, honor God o “Arbella” sermon

 Colony’s laws and customs based on Puritan religious beliefs o 1630-1640: 20,000 settlers came to MA Bay

A Unique Colony

 Families settled o Life expectancies world’s highest o Cold climate reduced disease o Families worked their own land

 New England society o Indentured servants only 20% of population few slaves

 MA settlers mostly from Britain’s “middle ranks,” prosperous farmers, skilled tradesman

 Society organized around family, church and community

Religious enthusiasm

 Puritans believed they were bound in a covenant o Strove to live moral lives o Followed protestant

 “town meetings” o Governing body o All male church members could speak, choose officials, send deputies

to court

Religious Disagreement

 Roger Williams o Denounced MA Bay Colony’s legal regulation of morality and religious

practice o Devout protestant, but disapproved of forcing beliefs on others

 Rhode Island Colony o Puritans expelled Williams from VA o Founded Rhode Island o Started Baptist denomination of Protestantism

Religious turmoil

 Anne Hutchinson o Challenged puritan beliefs, expelled from colony o Moved to RI

 1692- Salem Witch Trials o Puritans accused of 100 people with no proof o 19 people, mostly women, executed

 Colonists later regretted their actions

Religion Challenged

 Religious fervor temporarily dimmed in MA o Many original settlers children and grandchildren had no conversion

experience regulated for membership  1662 Halfway Covenant

o Gave unconverted children/grandchildren partial church membership privileges

 Enlightment, deism o New intellectual trends that further challenged religion

Great Awakening- 1730s

 Jonathan Edwards o Awakened listeners’ heart to their need for God o “Sinners in the Hands of an angry God”- warned hearers that hell

awaited those who did not repent  George Whitefield

o Held mass meetings o 1,000s made religious decisions o 1740s: 50,000 people joined churches in New England

Mercantilism

 System of political economy o Nation increases its wealth by fostering a favorable balance of trade

with other nations  British mercantilists considered the amount of wealth in the world to be

limited o Snatched other nations wealth

 Wanted colonies natural resources o Timber, tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo o Britain received majority of profit o Colonists later resented this system

Navigation Acts

 British grabbing of colonial wealth by controlling trade o Goods had to be shipped to and from colonies in British ships with

British sailors o Many products could only be shipped to Britain

 1700- colonies only allowed trade with Britain o New England’s sea port trade was injured

Mercantilist Meddling

 New England and middle colonies traded together o British monarchs demanded all the trade o Boston and Philadelphia nude trading hubs

 1688- dominion of New England o King James II consolidated northern colonies o New taxes o All land titles abolished o Newspapers shut down o Town meetings forbidden

Glorious Revolution

 Sir Edmund Andros o Dominion’s rude, proud government in Boston o Colonists furious, but avoided trouble

 1688 “Glorious Revolution” in Britain- New Monarchs o Colonists arrested Andros o Reinstated old colonial boundaries and government o Monarchs William and Mary approved their actions

The Middle Colonies

Dutch Days of New York

 1624- Holland claimed “New Netherland” o Purchased Manhattan Island, then a wilderness, from Native Americans o Small settlement at Albany

 Dutch settlers trapped and sold fur o Huge European market o Beaver, fox, minx, etc.

 1660: population 9,000  Funded by Dutch East India Company

English Takeover

 Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant founded New York City o 1650s- Dutch West India Company bankrupt

 1664: four English frigates arrived o Stuyvesant, panic stricken, ceded New Netherland

 British renamed it “New York”” o NY multicultural- English and Dutch heritage

Pennsylvania: Place of Peace

 William Penn- Quaker founder o 1681: created refuge for prosecuted Quakers o PA= Penn’s woods

 Quakers (society of friends) o Dressed plainly o Allowed women more freedom

 Ex: led church meeting o Didn’t recognize class ranks o Pacifists: wouldn’t fight o Rejected government, wouldn’t take oaths o Believed God spoke to them through “inner right”

Commonwealth of PA

 1685- 8,000 population/ 1720- 21,000 Population  Open settlement

o English, German, Swiss, Scotch-Irish, etc. o All religions welcome

 Philadelphia- economic and cultural hub o City of “brotherly love” o Exported food o Imported British goods o 1700- 5,000 residents

Pacifists Politics

 Families settled o Worked as farmers, artisans o Fertile land

 Purchased land from Native Americans o Pacifists wouldn’t fight them o Improved colonial safety

 Representative government o Colonial council, popularly elected assembly, governor o Charter of privileges of 1701

 Gave assembly power to debate and amend laws

Diversity and Peace Continued

 Middle Colonies Unique o Highest standard of living o Most religious tolerance o Greatest personal liberty

 1700s-85,000 German peasants arrived, also 1000s of Scotch-Irish  Redemptions

o Indentured for ship passage o Agreement that relative in new world would “redeem” them

 Indentured servants, redemptions, slaves lived in towns o Most settlers farm families

Philadelphia’s Stardom

 1776- Philly 2nd largest city in British Empire (London 1st) o Quaker merchants with protestant work ethic o Prime wheat exporter o British luxury goods importer

 Famous citizen- Benjamin Franklin o Colonial ambassador o Philosopher and author o Scientist and inventor o US Founder

Franklins Humor

 Many colonial inhabitants were exiled criminals o 1725- 1775, 50,000 British exiled o Most petty thieves or debtors o A few dangerous o Many became decent citizens

 Franklin resented Britain’s “marvelous gift” o Suggested a return gift of rattlesnakes for british politicians’ gardens

Franklin’s Politics

 Consumer revolution o British luxury goods flooded market o Created colonial dependency

 Franklin remarked on change o Youth- Earthenware bowl, pewter spoon o Adult- expensive British china and silver o Worried about colonial expenditures o Feared colonial dependency on Britain

Other Middle Colonies

 New Jersey- Founded in 1701 o “New Lights” – Great Awakening converts who wanted to help others

spiritually  “New Lights” ministers founded Princeton (1746), Brown (1764), and Rutgers

(1766) o Taught young men theology o Today, secular Ivy League schools

 Delaware o Originally part of PA, disagreed with popular assembly o 1701- became separate colony

13 Colonies: Both British and American

Colonial Prosperity – 1750

  Colonists’ food supply o Grains and Vegetables o Sold wheat, rice to Britain and colonies o Meat- hunting, animal husbandry

  Colonial buildings o Ample timber supply o Built homes- log cabins to plantations

  Britain all about colonial revenue

2 Million Colonists

 Even the poor better off than British Majority o Land fertile o Frontier options

 New England o Much of farmland claimed o Adult children settled frontier or found a trade o Caused delayed marriages and family tensions

 Boston linked farms to world markets o Exports: timber, salted fish, livestock o Imports: British manufactures

Colonial South

 Chesapeake and Lower South colonies wealthy o Tobacco 1/3 of colonial exports o 80 million lbs. rice/ year exported

 1770- 400,000 slaves

o Mostly natural increase o Some slave trade

 Olaudah Equiano- Wrote about misery he endured o Middle passage, slavery o Obtained freedom o Christian abolitionist

Colonial Circumstances

 Planters led southern society o Managed plantations o Hosted lavish parties o Politically involved o Most Anglican

 VA House of Burgesses o Washington, Jefferson, Patrick Henry o Supported colonists’ right to settle frontier

 Colonies expanded west o British negotiations o Native American conflict

French Settlements

 French, Spanish, and Native Americans o Masters of the frontier

 The French sparsely settled southeastern Canada o Male fur traders supplied Europe

 Northern Midwest- Illinois and Michigan areas o Outposts, military forts

 Mississippi River Areas o City of New Orleans o Louisiana

 Close Native American-French alliances

Spanish Settlements

 Spanish held distant territory o Florida- Military presence

 Southern California and Northern Mexico o Military outposts o Priests established missions o Taught Native Americans the Catholic faith o Offered secular education o Spanish often abused natives

 Americans would not settle CA until 1850

British Citizens

 Colonists considered themselves British citizens o Saw flaws in British government, economics o Still admired Britain

 Appreciated British military assistance o Native Americans, Spanish, and French a real threat

 Each colony unique o All 13 shared British rule and culture

British Citizens -1750

 Britain’s trade restrictions o “encouraged” colonists to buy British o Self-identified as British citizens with common consumer goods

 Self-sufficient colonists o Provided their own necessities o “fun stuff” from Britain o Tea, cheese, silk, paper, etc.

British Politics

 Britain far behind colonial democracy o Ruled by a king or queen

 Parliament governed with ruler o Two bodies in parliament o House of Lords- titled ruling class, hereditary o House of commons- elected body, still the elite

 British electorate small o 25% of adult males could vote in 1750 o Bribery common

Colonial Political Reality

 Colonial government o Directly elected reps and British governor o 70% of males voted, little bribery

 Colonial Countryside o 90% farmers o Only 4-5 large cities o Felt cities bred crime, poverty o Idealized the farmer

 British Metropolis o City poor in misery o Rural land only for rich

British “Benign Neglect”

 British largely allowed colonists home rule o Insisted on mercantilist trade rules o But, often wined at smuggling

 Colonists sometimes smuggled cheaper goods o Dutch tea, French molasses

 Colonists generally, satisfied with Britain o Quality British goods o Outlet to sell colonial crops