Liberty Challenged in Nineteenth Century America Final Paper

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THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS

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START THE RECORDING

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A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE MARKET REVOLUTION

The Market Revolution can be seen as a highly negative development that marked the triumph of capitalism over democracy

This was one of the most significant transformations of America within the first half of the nineteenth century—indeed, the defining event of world history—the evolution from an agrarian to a capitalist society.

Establishing capitalist hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, the market revolution created ourselves and most of the world we know.

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MARKET REVOLUTION, CONT.

The market revolution further exacerbated sectional tensions in the United States. As King Cotton became the primary crop in the South, the need for increase in labor arose; thus, the South increased its use of slaves in producing crops.

The North and European countries banned slavery in their countries/regions, and attempted to push the South to abolish slavery as well. The slave trade ended, but slavery did not end. As the textile industry in the North drastically increased, changing women and children's roles and further revolutionizing family structure, the demand for raw products such as cotton increased, meaning an increase in the South's demand for more labor.

Ironically, this Northern demand for more cotton for the textile industry increased the Southern demand for slavery, making it harder for the North to end slavery in the South.

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MARKET REVOLUTION, CONT.

Well which was it?

The Market Revolution was a boon to those who wanted “to be in the game” or

It was a crippling case of social class hegemony establishing capitalist social class distinctions of rich over poor

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THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS Each Side’s Strengths

Northern advantages

High population

More materials and industry

Southern advantages

Will to fight

Easier to fight a defensive battle

Large number of talented military leaders

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Wartime Economy

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Filling cartridges at the U.S. Arsenal at Watertown, Mass., 1861, shows the conversion to the wartime economy.

Fallacy of an Easy War: 1861–1862

Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)

Confederates won the battle at a high cost

Assumptions about an easy war came to an end

Union troops attempted a strategy of limited war

Water

Union Navy set up naval blockades in the southern coastline

Blockade deprived the South of food, clothing, and other supplies

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15.1 Northern Strategy and Southern Resistance, 1861-1865

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Map

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Fallacy of an Easy War: 1861–1862 (continued 1)

West

Union general Ulysses S. Grant earned decisive victories in the western theater of the war

Battle of Shiloh: Bloody conflict near the Tennessee-Mississippi border resulting in 23,000 casualties

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15.2 The War in the West

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Map

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Battle of Shiloh

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The casualties at Shiloh exceeded American losses in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the Mexican-American War put together. It was a truly horrifying battle.

Fallacy of an Easy War: 1861–1862 (continued 2)

East

General McClellan, the Union Army’s eastern commander, was unsuccessful in the Virginia peninsula campaign

Robert E. Lee, head of the Army of Northern Virginia, forced the Union troops to retreat north during the Seven Days’ Battles

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General McClellan

Eon Images

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“If General McClellan does not want to use the army, I would like to borrow it for a time.” — attributed to Abraham Lincoln, 1862.

Full Mobilization and the Making of a Modern State

To finance the war and increase manpower, both sides had to concentrate authority in the hands of their national governments

Transformed the Union and the Confederacy into modern nations capable of controlling their states’ resources

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Raising Armies

Confederate Congress implemented a national draft that made all men between 18 and 35 eligible for military service

20 Negro Law: Exemption from military service granted to wealthy landowners who owned 20 or more slaves

Conscription law of the North made all able-bodied men between 20 and 45 eligible for the army

Commutation fee: Offered exemption from enlisting in the Union Army until the next draft

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Suspension of Civil Liberties

Both the North and South had populace who opposed the war

Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus

Confederate Congress gave Jefferson Davis the power to detain citizens

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Taxation

Tariffs, taxes, and bonds in the Union

U.S. Congress introduced direct taxation measures and passed a comprehensive tax bill

Internal Revenue Service was created

Five-twenties: War bonds, or bonds that would earn interest over a fixed period of time

Inflation and impressment in the Confederacy

More paper money was printed to finance the war

Authorized armies to seize food, supplies, and slaves

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Inflation in the Confederacy

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The Confederacy preferred to finance the war by simply printing more and more paper money—a plan that succeeded only in creating runaway inflation.

Changing Nation

The Union and the Confederacy became powerful nation-states with great control over the lives of their citizens

Civil War established innovative and permanent changes in the scope of government authority in the United States

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Dissent in the North

Peace Democrats

Believed secession was legal and the Union had no right to force states to remain within it

Lincoln was considered a tyrant

After the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus

1863 draft law was discriminatory

Favored the rich who could buy their way out of the war

New York draft riot

Four-day riot in which Democratic working men attacked pro-war Republicans and black people

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New York Draft Riot

North Wind Picture Archives

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The 7th New York Regiment firing into a crowd of draft rioters who refused to go to war. It took four days to restore order, and more than one hundred people were killed. Not all Northerners, then, supported the war.

Dissent in the South

Economic woes

Production of corn, grain, and other goods was not sufficient

Shortages caused prices to increase rapidly

Riots

High prices and food shortages led to riots

Wartime policies increased dissatisfaction among people

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Sowing and Reaping

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An engraving entitled “Sowing and Reaping” depicts southern women persuading their husbands to join in the rebellion (left) and the same women rioting for bread during the hard times of the war (right). As in the North, there was considerable dissent in the South as well.

The Tide of Battle Turns, 1863 -1865

By 1863, the conflict had turned from a limited war to an all-encompassing one

Affected the entirety of both societies

Eliminating slavery challenged the very existence of southern society

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Slavery and Emancipation

Overtures to emancipation

Runaway slaves who fled to the Union Army were treated as contraband

Confiscation Act: Slaves used for military purposes would be freed if they came into Union hands

Lincoln made slavery the central issue of the war

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared that all slaves within the rebel territory would be freed

Creation of a new Union without slavery

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Slavery and Emancipation (continued)

Proclamation helped to end slavery, the slaves freed themselves

Black Americans joined the Union military

Fort Pillow Massacre

After the victory in the Battle of Fort Pillow, Confederate soldiers massacred an African American regiment in the U.S. Army

Criticism of Lincoln’s Proclamation

Northern Democrats believed that the government had no right to deprive people of their property

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African American Family

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Many African Americans were proud to fight for the Union cause—and for abolition. By the end of the war, more than 180,000 had, including this unidentified soldier with his wife and two daughters.

Union Military Triumphs

Lee’s hopes, by invading the North

Give time for the South to recuperate

Force Lincoln to accept Confederate terms for peace

Gain Britain as partner in the war

Battle of Gettysburg

Confederates lost the battle

Turning point in the Civil War

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LINCOLN'S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

Lincoln focuses on the Union

At this stage, the war is not fought to end slavery

The question before the union--can this experiment survive

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.....We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live....that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

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Union Military Triumphs (continued)

Victories in the West for Ulysses S. Grant

General Grant helped the Union cause by splitting the Confederacy into two halves

Northern momentum

Despite the victories, the Union faced a strategic problem of completely defeating its enemy to win

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The Election of 1864

George B. McClellan, the former general of the Army of the Potomac, was Lincoln’s Democratic opponent

Promised to restore slavery and negotiate peace with the Confederacy

Union victories in Alabama and Atlanta heartened northern voters

Lincoln won the election with 55 percent of the popular vote

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LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS

Unlike the Gettsburg Address, Lincoln now turned his attention to slavery

One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it.... Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged.....If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him?

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LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS, cont.

Lincoln invokes God and the bible in many passages in this address

Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations

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Destruction of the South

Lincoln’s reelection brought the end of slavery

March to the Sea: Path of destruction led by General Sherman from Atlanta to the Atlantic

Army pillaged everything it encountered

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Thirteenth Amendment Abolishes Slavery

On January 31, 1865, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery from the United States forever

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Richmond in Ruins

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Richmond in ruins, 1865. The Union had sought revenge.

Reasons for the Union Victory: OVERSTATED!

Industrial superiority

Manpower supremacy

Political organization

African American troops

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Significance of the War

About 620,000 American men lost their lives

More Americans killed than in World War I, World War II, the Vietnam War, and the Revolutionary War combined

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Impact of the War

Fighting a modern war increased its size and power

Impact on the federal government

Development of industries during the war propelled the nation into the Industrial Age

Impact on industry

War unified the nation

Impact on American nationalism

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Impact of the War (continued)

Women disguised themselves to fight the war and worked in the armies as spies, cooks, and medical assistants

War opened up many opportunities for women

Impact on women

War changed the way people prayed, what denominations they belonged to, and how they viewed the Bible

Impact on religion

Introduction to pragmatism

Impact on philosophy

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Clara Barton

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During the Civil War, women took on many new roles, including becoming professional nurses. Clara Barton was one of the most famous, going on to found the American Red Cross.

Summary

The North had numbers and technological advancement

For the South, it was self-defense, trained military leaders, and the will to fight

Both sides expected it to be a short war with very few causalities

Battle of Manassas(Bull run) was an eye opener

To sustain a serious prolonged war, the national governments on both sides were given more power

SUMMARY

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Summary (continued)

Opposition to war on both sides led to riots

Emancipation Proclamation, the entry of Black Americans into the Union Army, the Union Army’s victories, and Lincoln’s reelection helped change the course of the war

March to the Sea and the Thirteenth Amendment added to the woes of the already disheartened South

Lee’s surrender ended the war on May 9, 1865

SUMMARY

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT

Professor Mel Albin, PhD

mel.albin@strayer.edu

(914) 645-4274

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