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The Harvard referencing style
The Harvard referencing style is also known as the "author date" system because you must cite both the author and publication date.
There is no definitive version of Harvard available. The UOW style of referencing is based on the AGPS Harvard version:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th ed, John Wiley, Milton: Qld.
The UOW Harvard Referencing Style has two main components:
1. in-text references/citations and
2. the reference list.
See pages 3-5 for a quick guide to common referencing formats.
For a comprehensive guide for all available formats, visit http://uow.libguides.com/refcite/uowharvard
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1. In-text referencing
When you refer to another author’s work in your writing you must cite your source in the body of your paper by providing the last name(s) of the author(s), the year of publication and, where applicable, page number(s).
Do not include the author(s) initial.
There are two main ways to present in-text references, or citations:
1.1 Information prominent: Where the focus is on the information from your source.
You give prominence to the information by placing the reference at the end of your sentence in brackets.
For example, The experience of ... (Savage, Bagnall & Longhurst 2005, p. 28)
1.2 Author prominent: Where the focus is on the author(s) of your source.
You give prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author’s name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets.
For example, Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2005, p. 28) argue that ...
Multiple authors as sources for a single point. Usually used in the information prominent format.
You can indicate more than one source as evidence for a point by citing multiple sources. These should be listed in alphabetical order, separated by a semi-colon inside parentheses.
For example, Transition to university involves a temporal-relational situational context (Biesta & Tedder 2007; Embirbayer & Mische 1998).
Notes
Page Numbers
Always include page numbers when you:
· Quote word for word
· Summarise or paraphrase an idea from a specific page or pages
· Refer to tables, figures, images or present specific information like dates/statistics.
· Use p. for a single page (Metcalf 2005, p. 45) and pp. for a page range e.g. (Metcalf 2005, pp. 34-36).
Quotation Marks
The Harvard (AGPS) and Footnoting (Oxford) manual recommends using SINGLE quotation marks around any direct quote. If you use Turnitin, be sure to enclose all direct quotes in DOUBLE quotation marks because Turnitin recognises only the text enclosed in double quotation marks as a direct quote.
In this guide, all Author-Date (Harvard) AND Footnoting direct quote examples are presented within double quotation marks.
2. Reference list
A list at the end of your assignment which includes full details of each source you have cited in your writing. Sources are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
Many people confuse the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’:
· A reference list includes ONLY the sources that you have cited or referenced in the body of your work.
· A bibliography includes the sources you cited plus any additional resources you may have consulted in your research.
This is an example of a reference list:
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Dolnicar, S, Crouch, GI & Long, P 2008, ‘Environment-friendly tourists: what do we really know about them?’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.16, no. 2, pp. 197-210. Dolnicar, S & Hurliman, A 2010, ‘Australians’ water conservation behaviours and attitudes’, Australian Journal of Water Resources, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 43-53. Preston, AC 1990a, Multivariate analysis of nurses’ absence behaviour, Business Research and Development Fund of the Confederation of Western Australian Industry, East Perth, WA. Preston, AC 1990b, Theories and causes of labour absence: reconciling the economic and psychology approaches, Business Research and Development Fund of the Confederation of Western Australian Industry, East Perth, WA. |
Notes
1. Always check with your discipline academic (ie lecturer or tutor) to determine what is required for your particular assignment and discipline.
2. Any edition of a book other than the first edition must be included in the reference list citation. The edition statement is added after the title, followed by a comma. A reprint is not a new edition. It does not need a specific mention. Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for edition.
3. If there are multiple works by the same author in your reference list, put the earliest date first.
4. Make sure the author details and year in the in-text citation exactly match the entry in the reference list.
5. The (Sort) function in Microsoft Word can be used to quickly arrange items in a reference list.
Based on: http://uow.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=40378522 1
Common Harvard referencing formats
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format |
In-text |
Reference list |
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Books |
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Single author |
Paraphrasing |
Metcalf (2005, p. 184) propounded the idea that... |
Metcalf, P 2005, Anthropology: the basics, Routledge, Abingdon. |
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Quoting < 30 words |
Include the quote within the paragraph and include specific page number/s. Use quotation marks to show the exact words. Metcalf (2005, p. 184) argues that "the Nuer of southern Sudan lacked any institutions of governance.” |
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Quoting ≥ 30 words |
Begin quoting the material on a new line. Indent it 5 spaces (use the Indent tool to keep all lines of the quote evenly indented). Use double spacing for your text and single spacing for the intended quote. Include specific page number/s. Omit quotation marks. Make sure the quote is exactly as it was published. Much has been written about acute care. Finkelman (2006, p. 184), for example, points out that: Hospitals are increasing the size of their outpatient or ambulatory surgery departments and adjusting to the need of moving patients into and out of the surgical service in 1 day or even a few hours. Recently, this trend has been seen in some Australian hospitals and research here.. |
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Multiple authors |
2 or 3 |
Cite the names of the authors in the order they appear on the title page of the book. When referring to multiple authors in a sentence use ‘and’ instead of ‘&’. When citing the names of multiple authors in brackets use ‘&’ before the last author. Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2005, p. 28) argue that "..." The migrant experience is one that... (Savage, Bagnall & Longhurst 2005, p.28) |
Savage, M, Bagnall, G & Longhurst, B 2005, Globalization and belonging, SAGE, London. |
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> 3 |
For in-text citations, list the name of the first author followed by et al. (meaning ‘and others’). Kring et al. (2010, p. 72) outline the theory as "..." Abnormal is not always...(Kring et al. 2010, pp. 47-48) |
Do not use et al. in the reference list. List all the authors. Kring, A, Davison, GC, Neale, JM & Johnson, S 2010, Abnormal psychology, 11th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. |
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Multiple work by same author |
Different years |
Arrange the in-text citation in chronological order starting with the earliest date first. Use a semicolon to separate the page reference from the date following it. Dyer (2009; 2013) reported that leadership and communication.. Leadership and communication are.... (Dyer 2009, p. 223; 2013, p. 149)
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In the reference list begin with the earliest date first. The name of the author can be repeated but it is preferable to use the em dash---with no space before the date. Dyer, J 2009, The business communication handbook, 8th edn, Pearson, Frenchs Forest, NSW. ---2013, Communication for business and the professions, 5th edn, Pearson, Frenchs Forest, NSW |
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Same year |
Distinguish between the titles in-text by adding a lower case letter of the alphabet starting with ‘a’. "In the last 10 years Australia has experienced..." (Manne 2005a, p. 1) |
Manne, R (ed.) 2005a, Do not disturb, Black Inc., Melbourne. ---2005b, Left right left, Black Inc.,Melbourne. |
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Edited book |
Use the lowercase abbreviation ed. for a single editor and eds (no full stop) for more than one editor. "Hinduism is not defined..." (ed. Flood 2003, p. 5). According to McGrew and Poku (eds 2007, p. 8). |
McGrew, A & Poku, NK (eds) 2007, Globalization, development and human security, Polity, Cambridge, UK. Flood, G (ed.) 2003, The Blackwell companion to Hinduism, Blackwell, Oxford |
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Chapter in an edited book |
Refer to the author of the chapter in-text. Gray (2009, p. 75) concludes the following "..." |
Set out the editor’s name with initials first then family name. The pages of the chapter are added after the publication details. Gray, E 2009, ‘The hair of Milton’, in DW Davies (ed.), Romanticism, history, historicism: essays on an orthodoxy, Routledge, New York, pp. 32-42. |
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Journal articles |
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(Similar to BOOKS) |
Lee (2007, p. 157) draws on data collected from "..." Carlin and Ford (2006, p. 79) claim that, "paying executives in the form of options...". The group of 100 joined the ASX and other associations... (Carlin & Ford 2006, p. 79). Wattal et al. conclude that, "[p]olitics in the United States has come a long way..." (2010, p. 670). |
Capitalise all main words in the Journal Title (not ‘and’ ‘of’ ‘in’ etc.). The title of the article is in quotes. The title of the journal is in italics Carlin, TY & Ford, G 2006, ‘A governance perspective on executive options plans - some Australian empirical evidence’, Australian Accounting Review, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 75-84. |
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secondary sources – Where the work of one author is cited in another author’s work |
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As the cultural critic Norman Klein stated in 1997, "the Romantics gloried in the ruins of memory" (cited in Cameron 2008, p. 5) |
Only need to record the book/journal article actually sourced. Cameron, A 2008, Modular Narratives in Contemporary Cinema, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, New York |
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OTHER SOURCES |
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News article |
“traditional” |
Include the page number of the article in the Reference list. Do not include page numbers in the in-text reference. "In a break with tradition, the Prime Minister’s office supplied video footage of the visit taken…" (Crowe 2015). |
Newspaper headline is the article title in single quotes. Include the date of issue (day month) of the newspaper after the article title. Newspaper title is in italics. Leave out ‘The’ in the title. Use Australian or Sydney Morning Herald. Crowe, D 2015, ‘ Anger as media left grounded’, Australian, 06 January, p. 4. Gittins, R 2010, ‘Suits us to be deluded on climate,’ The Age, 17 November, viewed 6 December, <http://www.theage.com.au/environment/climate-change/suits-us-to-be-deluded-on-climate-20101117-17wyp.html>. |
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online |
"China, for instance, is targeting...over 15 years" (Gittens 2010). |
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Document from a website |
If there is no author begin the reference with the title of the document. Use n.d. if there is no date. Include page numbers in-text if it is a long document. "Following the intensification of the GFC...weaken markedly" (Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2010, p. 5). |
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2010, Issues Paper Youth Employment, Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, viewed 15 December 2010, <http://www.acci.asn.au/text_files...../final.pdf>. |
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Course materials |
"Socialisation into roles is a major impetus behind inequality" (Wallace 2010). |
State the type of course material after the title of the lecture. You can use the subject code or the subject name. Course material is unpublished so the title is enclosed in single quotes not italics. Wallace, P 2010, ‘Gender & sexuality’ PowerPoint slides, SOC1SAC, La Trobe University, viewed 19 January 2011. |